[PDF] THE STATE OF AMERICA’S CHILDREN ®

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THE STATE OF AMERICA’S CHILDREN

CDF Mission Statement The Children’s Defense Fund Leave No Child Behind® mission is to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities. CDF provides a strong, effective and independent voice for all the children of America who cannot vote, lobby or speak for themselves. We pay particular attention to the needs of poor and minority children and those with disabilities. CDF educates the nation about the needs of children and encourages preventive investments before they get sick, drop out of school, get into trouble or suffer family breakdown. CDF began in 1973 and is a private, nonprofit organization supported by foundation and corporate grants and individual donations.

Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Key Facts Are Our Children Ready to Compete in the Global Arena? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv Moments in America for All Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv How Are Children in America Faring, by Race/Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi Each Day in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Among White Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Among Hispanic Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Among Black Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Among Asian and Pacific Islander Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Among American Indian and Alaska Native Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx

Child Population Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 Trends in Child Population, by Race/Ethnicity, 1979-2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Trends in Child Population, by Race/Ethnicity, 1979-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Where the Majority of Minority Children Live, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 States Where a Majority of Children Are Racial or Ethnic Minorities, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5 States Where a Majority of Children Are Racial or Ethnic Minorities, 2009 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5 Child Population, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6 Percent of the Child Population, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8 Child Population, by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9 Population of Children and Seniors, 1960-2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10 Population, 2009: Children and Seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11

Child Poverty Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 Trends in Child Poverty Rates, 1959-2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3 Trends in Child Poverty Rates, by Race/Ethnicity, 1959-2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3 Poverty Trends Among Children, 1959-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 Poverty Trends Among Children, by Race/Ethnicity, 1959-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-5 Trends in Child Poverty Rate, by Age Group, 1969-2009 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6 Trends in Poverty, by Age Groups 1969-2009 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6 Children Living in Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7 Children Living in Extreme Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7 Poor Children in America: A Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8

State of America’s Children® 2011

States Where the Majority of Poor Children Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9 States Where More than Half of All Poor Children Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10 States With the Largest Percentage of Poor Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10 Poverty Guidelines, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11 Child Poverty, by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-12 Extreme Poverty Among Children, by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-13 States Where More than Half of All Children in Extreme Poverty Live. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-14 States With the Largest Percentages of Children Living in Extreme Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-14 Child Poverty, by Residence, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-15 Child Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-16 Poverty Rate for Young Black Families (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-18

Family Structure Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 Living Arrangements of Children, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 Children Living with Neither Parent, 2010 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 Trends in Teen Birth Rates, 1980-2008 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4 Teen Birth Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 Kinship Care Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6 Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7 Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren, 2009, Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 Parents Who Are Incarcerated and Their Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9

Family Income Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2 Average Income Gains, Adjusted for Inflation, 2002-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3 Distribution of Income Gains, 2002-2008 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3 Average Income Between 1945 and 2008 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4 The Income Share for the Richest 10 Percent of U.S. Households, 1917-2008 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4 Median Income of Families with Children, 2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5 Median Income of Families with Children, by Family Type, 2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6 Median Income of Families with Children, by Family Type, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7 AFDC/TANF Benefits, July 1970 – July 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-8 TANF Recipients and Families, August 1996 and September 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-9 TANF Families, September 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 2008 Tax Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11 Child Tax Credit, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-12 Child Support Enforcement, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-13 Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), December 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-14 Children Receiving Social Security Benefits, December 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-15 Rental Housing Affordability: Fair Market Rent vs. Minimum Wage, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-16 Youth Employment and Unemployment, 2010: Teens Ages 16-19 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-17 Unemployment Rates, 2010 Annual Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-17 Employment and Unemployment Among Teens and Young Adults, 2008 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-18

Children’s Defense Fund

Youth Unemployment and Joblessness, 1959-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-19 Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in Public Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-20 Homeless Preschool Children, 2006-2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-21 Subpopulation of Homeless Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-21 Primary Nighttime Residence for Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in Public School . . . . . . . . . D-22

Child Health Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2 Uninsured Children, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3 Odds of Being Uninsured: Children’s Coverage in 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4 Percentage of Children Who Are Uninsured, 2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-5 Ten States Where the Majority of Uninsured Children Live in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-5 Ten States With the Largest Percentages of Uninsured Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-5 Uninsured Children in the States, 2007-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-6 Children’s Health Status, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-7 Children’s Access to Health Care, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-8 Children’s Dental Health and Access to Dental Care, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-9 Overweight and Obesity Among Children and Teens, 2007-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-10 Immunization of Two-Year-Olds, by Race/Ethnicity and Poverty Status, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-11 Estimated Immunization Coverage in 2009 with Recommended Series Among Two-Year-Olds . . . . . . . E-12 International Rankings, Infant Mortality Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-13 International Rankings, Low Birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-14 Trend in Infant Mortality Rates, 1980-2007 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-15 Trend in Low Birthweight Rates, 1980-2008 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-15 Trends in Infant Mortality and Low Birthweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-16 Mothers Giving Birth to Low Birthweight Babies, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-17 Infant Deaths, Infant Mortality Rates, and Rankings, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-18 Selected Maternal and Infant Health Indicators, by Race and Hispanic Origin of Mother, 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-19 Prenatal Care, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-20 Children Enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-21 Simplified Enrollment and Renewal Processes in Place for Medicaid and CHIP, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-22 Children Living with Parents Who Have Substance Abuse or Dependence, by Age Group (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-23 Children Living with Parents Who Have Substance Abuse or Dependence, by Substance Abuse or Dependence (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-23

Child Hunger and Nutrition Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2 Children Receiving Food Stamps/SNAP, 1989-2009 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3 Food Stamp/SNAP Recipients, December 2007 – December 2010 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3 Average Number of Children Receiving Food Stamps Each Month, FYs 1989-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4 Prevalence of Household Level Food Insecurity, by State, 2007-2009 (Average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5 Number of Children by Food Security Status of Households and Selected Household Characteristics, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6 State of America’s Children® 2011

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National School Lunch Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6 Children in National School Lunch Program, FY 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7 Children in National School Breakfast Program, FY 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-8 Children in Summer Food Service Program, FY 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-9 Participants in the Child and Adult Care Food Program, FY 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-10 Participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), FY 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-11

Early Childhood Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2 Trends in Child Poverty Rate, 1969-2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-3 Children Living in Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-3 Labor Force Participation of Women with Children Under Age Six, Selected Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-4 Parental Labor Force Participation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-5 Child Care Assistance, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-6 Child Care vs. College Costs, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7 Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-8 Child Care and Development Fund, FY 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9 Head Start Enrollment, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-10 Head Start Enrollment, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-11 Infants and Toddlers Under Three Receiving Early Intervention Services Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C, by Age and State, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-12 Prekindergarten Enrollment of 3- and 4-year-olds, 2008-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-13 States that Require Kindergarten and Have Adopted Common Core K-12 Standards, 2010 . . . . . . . . . G-14 Annual Salaries of Early Childhood Educators, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-15 Number of Ongoing Training Hours Required for Child Center Staff Roles in 2008 (Reported in hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-16 Infant and Toddler Child-Staff Ratios and Group Sizes, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-17 Child-Staff Ratios in Licensed Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-18 Licensing of Small Family Child Care Homes, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-19 Initial Training Requirements (Selected) for Small Family Child Care Homes and Annual Training Requirements, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-20

Education Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2 How America Ranks Among Industrialized Countries in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-3 Annual Expenditures Per Student, 2007 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-3 The Four Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-4 Earnings by Educational Attainment, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-5 Expected Lifetime Earnings by Education Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-5 Racial Isolation of Black and Latino Students in the Public Schools, 1968-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-6 Change in Black Segregation in the South, 1954-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-6 Reading and Math Performance of 4th, 8th and 12th Graders, by Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-7 Reading and Math Performance of 4th Graders, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-8

Children’s Defense Fund

Reading and Math Performance of 8th Graders, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-9 Public School Education, Selected Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-10 Graduation Rates, by Race, 2007-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-11 Spending on Prisoners vs. Spending on Public School Students, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-12 School Discipline, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-13 Violence and Risk Behaviors of High School Students, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-14 A New Look at America’s “Dropout Factories” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-15 Dropouts, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-16 Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-17 Children Receiving Services Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-18 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation, by Race, 2006 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-19 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, by Race, 2006 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . H-19 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, by Race, 2006 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-19 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-20 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-21 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-22 Enrollment in Programs for the Gifted and Talented, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-23 High School Teachers with Undergraduate Major in Subject Matter Taught, 2007-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . H-24 Demographics of Public School Teachers Grade 9-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-24 College Graduation Rates Among Young Adults, 1957-2009 (graph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-25 Percent of Young Adults Who Completed Four Years of College or More, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 1957 to 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-26

Child Welfare Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2 Who Are the Children Who Are Abused and Neglected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3 Child Maltreatment, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4 National Estimates of Children Served Following an Investigation of Child Abuse or Neglect. . . . . . . . . . I-5 Trends in Foster Care and Adoption, FYs 2002 – 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5 Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6 Who’s in Foster Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7 Children in Foster Care, FYs 2004-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8 Number of Children Entering, Exiting and In Foster Care, FY 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-9 Children in Foster Care, by Age, FY 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-10 Children in Foster Care, by Race/Ethnicity, FY 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-11 Overrepresentation of Black Children in Foster Care, FY 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-12 Placement Stability, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-13 Exits of Children from Foster Care, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-14 Youth Who Exit Foster Care to Emancipation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-15 Adoptions from Foster Care, Selected Years, FYs 1995 – 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-16 Children in Public Foster Care Waiting to be Adopted, FYs 2004 – 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-17 Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-18

State of America’s Children® 2011

Juvenile Justice Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-2 Youth at Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-3 Juvenile Arrested Rates, by Race, 1980-2008 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-4 Juvenile Arrested Rates, by Race, 1980-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-4 Juvenile Arrest Rates for Violent Offenses, by Race, 1980-2008 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-5 Juvenile Arrest Rates for Violent Offenses, by Race, 1980-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-5 Juveniles in Residential Placement, by Race, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-6 Offense Profile of Juveniles in Residential Placements, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-8 Youth Under 18 in Adult Prisons, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-9 Treating Children Like Adults in the Justice System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-10 More Girls Enter the Juvenile Justice System Unnecessarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-11

Gun Violence Key Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2 Children and Teens Killed by Firearms: A Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3 Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Manner, 1979-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-4 Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Age, Manner, and Race/Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . K-5 Firearm Death Rates of Males Ages15-19, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 (graph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-6 Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Race/Hispanic Origin, 1979-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-7 Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Manner, 2005-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-8 It’s Time to Stop the Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-9

Children’s Defense Fund

Foreword

s we take stock of the current state of America’s children and the desperate need to change direction for the future, some ancient wisdom can give us a blueprint for setting sail and getting our children to safe harbor. Everything our nation and all of us need to know about life can be learned from Noah’s Ark according to an anonymous writer. Lesson One: Don’t miss the boat. The United States is going to miss the boat to lead and compete in our globalizing world because we are not preparing the majority of our children for the future. The greatest threat to America’s national security comes from no enemy without but from our failure to invest in and educate all of our nation’s children. Every 11 seconds of the school day a child drops out. A majority of children in all racial and income groups and almost 80 percent and more of Black and Hispanic children in public schools cannot read or do math at grade level in fourth, eighth, or 12th grade—if they have not already dropped out. Any nation that is failing to prepare all of its children for productive work and life needs to correct course—now. And all of us—parents, educators, community, religious and political leaders— need to be part of the solution and not part of the problem. God did not make two classes of children. Every single child needs and deserves a quality education. Lesson Two: We are all in the same boat. Many Americans may not like or think they have any self interest in assuring a fair playing field for other people’s children—especially poor and minority children, but Black, Hispanic and other children of color will constitute a majority in 2019. Isn’t it better to have them supporting the Social Security and Medicare systems and making sure a productive workforce is in place, rather than for us to be supporting them in costly ineffective prisons? Our states are spending three times more on average per prisoner than per public school student. I can’t think of a dumber investment policy. We need a paradigm change from punishment to prevention and early intervention. Lesson Three: Plan ahead. It wasn’t raining when Noah built the Ark. Tomorrow is today and children have only one childhood. They need to be healthy now. They need quality early childhood experiences now. They need first-rate schools with first-rate teachers and stimulating high quality out of school time programs now. And they need to know that there is a good-paying job after college in their future. We must resist our quick fix, quarterly profit driven culture and invest in the future. Lesson Four: Don’t listen to the critics and naysayers. Just get on with the job that needs to be done to educate our children. If you don’t want to be criticized, don’t say anything, do anything, or be anything. Stand up and fight for children, all of them.

State of America’s Children® 2011

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Lesson Five: For safety’s sake, travel in pairs. Better still, travel in groups able to make a ruckus loud enough to be heard. We have got to stop those who are rhetorically hijacking Dr. King’s and America’s dream but subverting his call to end the poverty, excessive militarism and excessive individualism that’s killing the dreams and hopes of millions of children. How can we justify massive tax giveaways to the richest two percent and continue tax loopholes for wealthy corporations at a time when 15.5 million children are languishing in poverty? Lesson Six: Remember that the Ark was built by amateurs; the Titanic by professionals. We must all use our citizen power, and vote to wrest our ship of state from that small group of experts and powerful corporate leaders who recklessly jeopardized all of our lives for personal gain. Use your own power to make a difference. Final Lesson: Build your future, build our children’s future and our nation’s future on high ground. Let’s leave our nation and world better than we found it—more just, more hopeful, more peaceful, more productive, and more unified. This may be the first time in our history when our children and grandchildren will be worse off than their parents and grandparents. We must correct course with urgency and do whatever is necessary to get them to safe harbor. We have pushed so many of our children into the tumultuous sea of life in small and leaky boats without survival gear and compass. I hope God will forgive us and help our children to forgive us. I hope we will work together with urgency to build the transforming movement required to give all of our children the anchors of faith and love, the rudder of hope, the sails of health and education, and the paddles of family and community, to keep them safe and strong when life’s sea gets rough.

Marian Wright Edelman

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Children’s Defense Fund

An Overview of The State of America’s Children 2011 The Need for a Level Playing Field for All Children CDF’s The State of America’s Children 2011 paints a devastating portrait of childhood across the country. With unemployment, housing foreclosures and hunger still at historically high levels, children’s well-being is in great jeopardy. Children today are our poorest age group. Child poverty increased by almost 10 percent between 2008 and 2009, which was the largest single year increase since data were first collected. As the country struggles to climb out of the recession, our children are falling further behind. Looking at data1 across children’s needs in child poverty, family structure, family income, child health, child nutrition, early childhood development, education, child abuse and neglect, juvenile justice and gun violence shows millions of children from birth through the teen years at risk of getting caught in the Cradle to Prison Pipeline crisis at the intersection of race and poverty that threatens the futures of poor children of color across our nation. Black children are facing one of the worst crisises since slavery, and in many areas, Hispanic and American Indian children are not far behind. Particularly striking is the fact that children of color in America who now constitute almost 45 percent of all children will be the majority of children in 2019—just eight years from now. We will be counting on them as the economic drivers of the future, who will be raising their own families, assisting their parents and investing in the economy and in Social Security to keep us all thriving. Yet nearly 80 percent or more of Black and Hispanic public school students cannot read or do math at grade level in fourth, eighth and 12th grades, sentencing them to social and economic death in this globalizing competitive economy. We must level the playing field and invest in education now so all children can achieve to ensure a solid economic future for all of us and for our nation. Children of Color Desperately Need Help

The State of America’s Children 2011 tells us that children of color are behind on virtually every measure of child well-being. They face multiple risks that put them in grave danger of entering the pipeline to prison rather than the pipeline to college, productive employment and successful futures. Children of color are at increased risk of: Being born at low birth weight and with late or no prenatal care • Babies of Black mothers are almost twice as likely as babies of White mothers to be born at low birthweight. • Black babies are more than twice as likely to die before their first birthday as White babies. • Black and Hispanic babies are more than twice as likely as White babies to be born to mothers who received late or no prenatal care in almost half the states. Living in poverty and extreme poverty • More than one in three Black, one in three Hispanic and one in 10 White children live in poverty ($22,050 for a family of four). • For children under age five, 41.9 percent of Black, 35 percent of Hispanic and almost 15 percent of White children are poor. • More than one in six Black and one in seven Hispanic children live in extreme poverty—at half the poverty level or below. One in 20 White children lives in extreme poverty. Lacking family stability • Fewer than 40 percent of Black children live with two parents. • Almost one in two Black children and more than one in four Hispanic children live with their mother only, compared with fewer than one in five White children. 1 Generally the data presented are the latest available at this time from official government sources – most frequently 2009, sometimes 2010, and some earlier.

State of America’s Children® 2011

• Black children are more than twice as likely as White children and almost twice as likely as Hispanic children to live with neither parent. • Black children are more than seven times as likely and Hispanic children more than two and a half times as likely as White children to have a parent in prison. Greater health risks • Black and American Indian babies are more than twice as likely to be born to teen mothers as White babies. • Black and Hispanic children are almost three times as likely to be in poor or only fair health as White children and are more likely to have an unmet medical need due to cost than White children. • More than one in three children in low-income families is overweight or obese. Black teens are 26 percent and Hispanic teens 32 percent more likely than White teens to be overweight or obese. Lacking a quality education • Nearly 80 percent or more of Black and Hispanic public school students in the fourth, eighth and 12th grades are unable to read or do math at grade level compared to 50 percent or more of White children. • Black students are more than three times as likely as White or Asian/Pacific Islander students and more than twice as likely as Hispanic students to be suspended from school. • Thirty-five percent of Black and 29 percent of Hispanic high school students attend the more than 1,600 “dropout factories” across the country where 60 percent or fewer of the students in any given ninth grade class will graduate in four years with a regular diploma. • The averaged graduation rate for Black and Hispanic students is just over 60 percent, in contrast with 81 percent for White and 91 percent for Asian/Pacific Islander students. The 20-plus percentage point spread in graduation rates between Black and White students exists in 13 states. Being stuck in foster care, without permanent families • Black children are overrepresented in foster care—they represent 30 percent of children in foster care, double the percent of the child population who are Black. • Black children stay in foster care longer than White children. Ending up in the juvenile justice system • Youth of color make up approximately two-thirds of youth in the juvenile justice system. • Black youth are over three times more likely than all other groups to be arrested for a violent offense. • The number of girls arrested has grown by 50 percent since 1980; American Indian girls are four times and Black girls three times more likely to be incarcerated than White girls. • Black youth make up 62 percent of those prosecuted in adult court, but only 17 percent of the overall youth population. Being caught in the college completion gap • The Black-White gap in college completion persists and the Hispanic-White college completion gap is even greater. Being unemployed • In 2010, four out of 10 Black and three out of 10 Hispanic teens ages 16 to 19 were unemployed. • The youth jobless rate for teens 16 to 19 in July 2010 was higher than at any time in the past five decades. Killed by guns • More Black than White children and teens were killed by firearms in 2007. Black children and teens were more likely to be victims of homicide and White children and teens were more likely to be victims of suicide.

Children’s Defense Fund

• Black males 15 to 19 are more than five times as likely as White males and more than twice as likely as Hispanic and American Indian males to be killed by firearms. • From 1979 to 2007, the annual number of firearm deaths of Black children and teens increased by 61 percent; the number for White children and teens decreased by 54 percent The multiple risks facing children of color are cause for great concern by us all, especially considering our responsibility as a nation to raise a next generation that can care not only for themselves and their own families but also our seniors of tomorrow. While today there are almost twice as many children as seniors, by 2040 that gap will close. There will be 94 million children and 81 million seniors. Our children’s success in education and employment will be essential if we are to keep society functioning, businesses running, adults teaching and health care professionals serving everyone’s needs. Today’s children will care for all of us tomorrow. We must take extraordinary steps to address the crisis today—the worst since slavery—so we will have a generation who can succeed in life and support our nation’s future. We do not have a moment to lose. Children have only one childhood and that is today. Children Need Help Now We know that poverty impairs children’s emotional, intellectual and physical development and ends up costing our nation billions of dollars in lost productivity and increased health care costs. We know how to end child poverty and give each child a fair start. We know how to give children a healthy start and to keep them wellnourished. We know how to give children a head start to make them ready for school and help them flourish when given a quality education. We know how to prevent child abuse and neglect, keep children safely out of foster care, find permanent families for children in foster care and keep children out of the juvenile justice system. To paraphrase what our mothers and grandmothers taught us, if you knew better, you should do better. Instead, we have not invested as we should and urgently need to improve in each of the following areas. The State of America’s Children 2011 reports: Income Gaps • Wide gaps in income persist. Since the late 1970’s the incomes of the bottom 90 percent has essentially stagnated while the incomes of the top one percent have soared. • In 2008, the income share for the richest 10 percent of U.S. households was 48.23 percent, just slightly below its 2007 record high level of 49.74 percent. The average income for the bottom 90 percent of households in 2008 was at its lowest level in more than a decade. The one year income drop for this group in 2007-2008 was its largest since 1938. • In 2009, the income of married-couple families with children was three times higher than that of female householders for families of all races. Lack of income supports • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits in 2009 were less than half the 1970 real dollar amount in nearly two thirds of the states. • In 2008, 79 percent of child support cases had court orders, but collections were made in only 57 percent of child support cases. • Tens of millions of children, working families and individuals benefited from the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit in the 2008 tax year, but many more could in the future if eligibility were expanded. Lack of health coverage • While Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) insure one in three children and more than half of all low income children in America, one in eight Black children and one in six Hispanic children are still uninsured. Two-thirds of the more than eight million uninsured children are eligible for coverage in Medicaid or CHIP but are not enrolled largely due to state-imposed barriers that differ across states. State of America’s Children® 2011

• While 34 states made improvements to children’s health coverage in 2010, only six states provided for express lane eligibility for Medicaid and/or CHIP and one-third of the states still did not provide 12-month continuous eligibility to help children enroll and stay enrolled in health coverage. • Hispanic children are 76 percent more likely and Black children 50 percent more likely than White children to have an unmet medical need due to cost. Lack of nutritional supports • While an average of 15.6 million children a month received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits in 2009, more than one in 10 households has limited access to food in the vast majority of states. • Only one in nine low income children who eats a free or reduced price school lunch during the school year is reached by the Summer Food Service Program. Lack of support for quality early childhood programs • The annual cost of center-based child care for a four-year-old is more than the annual in-state tuition at a public four-year college in 33 states and the District of Columbia. • A family must have an income that is below 175 percent of the poverty level ($32,043 for a family of four) to receive a public child care subsidy in 18 states and the District of Columbia. • In more than one in three states, only 10 or fewer hours of training a year is required for child care center directors and teachers. • Most states exceed the recommended maximum child-staff ratios for pre-school aged children in licensed centers. The infant-staff ratios in center-based care are 5:1 or higher in 15 states. • In nearly half the states, small family child care homes are not required to be licensed until five or more children are in the home, and in 35 states providers in licensed homes do not have to have a high school diploma. • Only 13.8 percent of three-year-olds and 38.9 percent of four-year-olds were in state funded prekindergarten programs, Head Start or early intervention/special education in 2008-2009. Lack of access to quality education for every child • Only 10 states require by statute that all school districts offer full-day kindergarten. Forty-four states and the District of Columbia require half-day programs that leave children a half step behind as they enter first grade. • While the number of “dropout factories” and the proportion of students of color who attend them have been reduced, there are still 1,634 dropout factories—at least one in every state. Seventy percent of them are concentrated in just12 states. • The United States spends almost two-and-a-half times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil. Lack of supports for abused and neglected children • Following a pattern of recent years, about 40 percent of children who were abused or neglected in 2009 received no services following the investigation of their maltreatment and many more received far fewer services than they need. • In the majority of states, at least one-third of the children in foster care between one and two years experience three or more placements. The median length of stay in foster care for a child is over 12 months in 31 states. • An estimated 114,000 children are in foster care waiting to be adopted. • More than 29,000 youth aged out of foster care at 18 or older in 2009 without being returned home, adopted or placed permanently with relatives. Researchers report these children are at increased risk of not graduating from high school or enrolling in college and being unemployed, incarcerated or homeless. In most states the majority of these children entered foster care when they were older than 12.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Lack of progress in reforming the juvenile justice system • States are working to divert youth charged with status offenses, such as curfew violations, running away, truancy offenses and incorrigibility, to community-based programs to prevent their entry into the juvenile justice system—but progress in many states is slow. • About two-thirds of youth in residential placement are there for status offenses, probation violations and other technical violations, drug offenses, or property and public order offenses. Just over one-third are there for offenses against persons. • Approximately 250,000 children are prosecuted, sentenced or incarcerated as adults each year in the United States. About 10,000 children are held in adult jails and prisons on any given night, two thirds of them while they are awaiting trial, despite high risk for sexual abuse and other harms. Lack of sufficient progress in ending gun violence • Since 1979, gun violence has ended the lives of 110,645 children and teens in America. • There are more than 280 million privately owned firearms in the U.S., which is the equivalent of nine firearms for every 10 men, women and children in this country. • In 2007 alone, 3,042 children and teens died from gunfire in the United States—eight every day—as a result of homicide, suicide or accidental shooting. Almost six times as many teens suffered non-fatal gun injuries, which have serious physical and emotional consequences that frequently go untreated. Conclusion

The portrait of continuing and worsening racial and income inequality is clear as we look at the state of America’s children today. Rather than moving forward, we are moving backwards. Programs and services that we know can help children thrive—Medicaid and CHIP (the Children’s Health Insurance Program), the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant, WIC (the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children), SNAP (the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), Early Head Start and Head Start, the Child Care and Development Block Grant, the Title I Education Program for Disadvantaged Children, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act programs, Pell Grants, the Social Services Block Grant and others are threatened with federal cuts or program changes that will unravel the safety net for poor and low income children. These cuts will come on top of deep cuts in state funding for early childhood development, K-12 education and higher education, mental health and other specialized treatment for children and parents, and services and staff for children and youth in foster care and in the juvenile justice system. Families too have become more fragile as jobs are lost, unemployment compensation has been reduced, public assistance and public health programs restrict access, housing foreclosures continue and affordable housing becomes scarcer. • We must invest in our children and their families. This means keeping key priorities for children front and center: • End child poverty; • Ensure every child and pregnant woman access to affordable, comprehensive health and mental health coverage and services; • Provide high quality early childhood development programs for all; • Ensure every child can read at grade level by the fourth grade and guarantee quality education through high school graduation; • Protect children from abuse and neglect and connect them to caring permanent families; and • Stop the criminalization of children at increasingly younger ages, reduce the detention and incarceration of children and invest in prevention and early intervention strategies. We must reclaim our country, our core values and our spiritual foundation in order for our children to thrive and protect our nation’s economic future.

State of America’s Children® 2011

xiii

Are Our Children Ready to Compete in the Global Arena? How America Ranks Among Industrialized Countries in Investing in and Protecting Children 1st in gross domestic product 1st in number of billionaires 1st in number of persons incarcerated 1st in health expenditures 1st in student expenditures 1st in military technology 1st in defense expenditures 1st in military weapons exports 17th in reading scores 22nd in low birthweight rates 23rd in science scores 30th in infant mortality rates 31st in math scores 31st in the gap between the rich and the poor Last in relative child poverty Last in adolescent birth rates (ages 15 to 19) Last in protecting our children against gun violence The United States and Somalia (which has no legally constituted government) are the only two United Nations members that have failed to ratify the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. If we compare just Black child well-being in America to child well-being in other nations, according to UNICEF: • 70 nations have lower infant mortality rates including Thailand and Costa Rica. • 144 nations have a lower incidence of low birthweight, including the Dominican Republic, Nigeria and Kazakhstan. • Black women in the United States are more likely to die due to pregnancy complications than women in 54 other nations, including Iran and Albania.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Moments in America for All Children Every second a public school student is suspended.* Every 8 seconds a high school student drops out.* Every 18 seconds a baby is born to an unmarried mother. Every 20 seconds a public school student is corporally punished.* Every 21 seconds a child is arrested. Every 34 seconds a child is born into poverty. Every 42 seconds a baby is born without health insurance Every 42 seconds a child is confirmed as abused or neglected. Every minute a baby is born to a teen mother. Every 2 minutes a child is born at low birthweight. Every 4 minutes a child is arrested for a drug offense. Every 8 minutes a child is arrested for a violent offense. Every 18 minutes a baby dies before his or her first birthday. Every 45 minutes a child or teen dies from an accident. Every 3 hours a child or teen is killed by a firearm. Every 5 hours a child or teen commits suicide. Every 5 hours a child is killed by abuse or neglect. Every 16 hours a mother dies from complications of childbirth or pregnancies. * Based on calculations per school day (180 days of seven hours each)

State of America’s Children® 2011

Although minority children are disproportionately affected by poverty, violence, homelessness and other risks, more White children are victims of these risks than any other race.

How Children in America are Faring, by Race/Ethnicity White, non-Hispanic 41,225,410 55.3% of child population

Hispanic 16,750,075 22.5%

every 3 and a half seconds

every 7 seconds

High school student drop out

every 20 seconds

every 27 seconds

Child is arrested

every 32 seconds

n/a

every 48 and a half seconds

every 58 sceonds

Born to an unmarried mother

every 38 seconds

n/a

Child confirmed abused or neglected

every 2 minutes

every 4 minutes

Baby born into poverty

every 2 minutes

Baby born without health insurance

every 2 minutes

every one and a half minutes

Baby born to teen mother

every 2 minutes

every 3 and a half minutes

Baby born at low birthweight

every 3 minutes

every 7 minutes

Child arrested for drug offense

every 5 minutes

n/a

every 16 and a half minutes

n/a

Baby dies before first birthday

every 28 minutes

n/a

Child or teen dies from an accident

every 58 minutes

every 5 hours

Child or teen killed by firearm

every 6 hours

every 14 hours

Child or teen commits suicide

every 8 hours

every one and a half days

Child killed by abuse or negelct

every 17 hours

every one and a half days

every 4 days

Public school suspended

Public school student is corporally punished

Child arrested for violent offense

Woman dies of complications of childbirth or pregnancy * Based on 180 school days a year

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Children’s Defense Fund

How Children in America are Faring, by Race/Ethnicity Black 11,280,366 15.1%

Asian/Pacific Islander 3,480,257 4.7%

Ameican Indian/ Alaska Native 951,329 1.3%

every 4 seconds

every minute

every one and a half minutes

every 27 seconds

every 4 minutes

every 7 minutes

every minute

every 22 minutes

every 28 minutes

every 57 seconds

every 3 hours

every 14 and a half minutes

every minute

every 12 minutes

every 16 minutes

every 3 and a half minutes

every hour

every minute

every 2 minutes

every 25 minutes

every 49 minutes

every 4 minutes

n/a

every 4 and a half minutes

every hour

every 59 minutes

every 6 minutes

n/a

every 15 minutes

every 6 hours

every 7 hours

every 15 minutes

every 11 hours

every 16 and a half hours

every 59 minutes

n/a

every 4 and a half hours

every day

every one and a half days

every 6 hours

every 8 and a half days

every 9 days

every 2 days

every 6 and a half days

every 22 and a half hours

n/a

every 2 days

n/a

State of America’s Children® 2011

xvii

Each day in America 2 5 5 8 32 80 186 368 949 1,204 1,240 2,058 2,163 2,573 3,312 4,133 4,717 18,493

mothers die in childbirth. children are killed by abuse or neglect. children or teens commit suicide. children or teens are killed by firearms. children or teens die from accidents. babies die before their first birthdays. children are arrested for violent offenses. children are arrested for drug offenses. babies are born at low birthweight. babies are born to teen mothers. public school students are corporally punished.* children are confirmed as abused or neglected. babies are born without health insurance. babies are born into poverty. high school students drop out.* children are arrested. babies are born to unmarried mothers. public school students are suspended.

* Based on 180 school days a year

Each day in America for White children 1 1 3 4 25 52 86 266 447 663 735 811 823 846 1,270 1,776 2,722 7,236

mother dies in childbirth. child is killed by abuse or neglect. children or teens commit suicide. children or teens are killed by firearms. children or teens die from accidents. babies die before their first birthdays. children are arrested for violent offenses. children are arrested for drug offenses. babies are born at low birthweight. public school students are corporally punished.* babies are born without health insurance. babies are born into poverty. children are confirmed as abused or neglected. babies are born to teen mothers. high school students drop out.* babies are born to unmarried mothers. children are arrested. public school students are suspended.*

* Based on 180 school days a year

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Children’s Defense Fund

Each day in America for Hispanic children 2 5 103 198 387 402 944 945 955 1,495 3,726

children or teens are killed by firearms. children or teens die from accidents. public school students are corporally punished.* babies are born at low birthweight. children are confirmed as abused or neglected. babies are born to teen mothers. babies are born without health insurance. high school students drop out.* babies are born into poverty. babies are born to unmarried mothers. public school students are suspended.*

* Based on 180 school days a year

Each day in America for Black children 1 4 5 25 94 96 233 312 332 417 442 607 936 1,296 1,317 6,916

child is killed by abuse or neglect. children or teens are killed by firearms. children or teens die from accidents. babies die before their first birthdays. children are arrested for drug offenses. children are arrested for violent offenses. babies are born at low birthweight. babies are born to teen mothers. babies are born without health insurance. children are confirmed as abused or neglected. public school students are corporally punished.* babies are born into poverty. high school students drop out.* children are arrested. babies are born to unmarried mothers. public school students are suspended.

* Based on 180 school days a year

State of America’s Children® 2011

xix

Each day in America for Asian and Pacific Islander children 2 2 4 21 21 57 64 98 117 351

children are arrested for violent offenses. public school students are corporally punished.* children are arrested for drug offenses. babies are born to teen mothers. children are confirmed as abused or neglected. babies are born into poverty. children are arrested. high school students drop out.* babies are born to unmarried mothers. public school students are suspended.

* Based on 180 school days a year

Each day in America for American Indian and Alaska Native children 1 3 20 23 24 29 51 62 89 264

child is arrested for violent offenses. children are arrested for drug offenses. children are confirmed as abused or neglected. babies are born into poverty. babies are born to teen mothers. public school students are corporally punished.* children are arrested. high school students drop out.* babies are born to unmarried mothers. public school students are suspended.

* Based on 180 school days a year

Children’s Defense Fund

Child Population

hildren constitute almost one in four of the people living in the United States. More than 25 percent of them are infants, toddlers or preschoolers. Almost 45 percent are children of color, and by 2019 the majority of children will be racial or ethnic minorities. There are almost twice as many children as seniors, but by 2050 that gap will close: 23.1 percent of the population will be children and 20.2 percent will be seniors. • Of the 74.5 million children in America: 41.2 million (55.3%) are White, non-Hispanic; 16.8 million (22.5%) are Hispanic; 11.3 million (15.1%) are Black; 3.5 million (4.7%) are Asian/Pacific Islander; and 951,000 (1.3%) are American Indian/Alaska Native. • The number of Hispanic children has increased every year since 1980, rising from 5.3 million in 1980 to 17 million in 2009, while the number of White children has decreased every year since 1994. The number of Black children has remained steady at around 10 to 11 million over the past two decades • The majority of children in the District of Columbia and nine states – Hawaii, New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Florida, Maryland and Georgia – are racial or ethnic minorities. • More than one in four children are under five and more than one in five are teenagers ages 14-17. • Vermont has the lowest proportion of children (20.3%); Utah has the highest (31.2%).

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Children’s Defense Fund

Since 1979 the number of White children has decreased by 13 percent, while the number of Hispanic children has increased by over 200 percent.

Trends in Child Population, by Race/Ethnicity, 1979-2009 50

White

Total number in millions

20 Hispanic* Black 10 Asian 0 1979

1984

1989

Year

All Children (in 1,000s)

White (in 1,000s)

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

63,375 62,914 62,449 62,345 62,334 62,447 62,876 62,948 63,294 63,747 64,144 65,049 65,918 68,440 69,292 70,020 70,566 70,650 71,069 71,338 71,685 71,741 72,021 72,696 72,999 73,241 73,285 73,727 73,996 74,068 74,579

46,967 46,578 45,950 45,531 44,830 44,886 44,752 44,664 44,461 44,438 44,492 44,797 45,236 45,590 46,096 46,668 45,689 45,605 45,491 45,355 44,272 44,244 44,095 43,614 43,150 42,978 42,523 42,212 41,979 41,309 40,917

1994

1999

Black (in 1,000s) 9,307 9,368 9,374 9,400 9,417 9,480 9,545 9,629 9,730 9,865 10,012 10,162 10,350 10,956 11,127 11,211 11,369 11,338 11,367 11,317 11,488 11,480 11,556 11,275 11,367 11,244 11,136 11,315 11,302 11,172 11,282

2004

Asian (in 1,000s) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,937 1,970 1,983 2,126 2,056 2,218 2,061 1,739 2,900 2,924 3,096 3,137 3,212 3,294 3,215 2,683 2,759 2,854 2,871 2,956 2,980 3,052 3,311

2009

Hispanic* (in 1,000s) 5,483 5,276 5,369 5,527 6,066 6,068 6,475 6,646 6,792 7,003 7,186 7,457 7,648 9,081 9,462 9,822 10,213 10,511 10,802 11,152 12,188 12,399 12,763 13,210 13,730 14,173 14,654 15,147 15,647 16,370 16,965

* Persons of Hispanic orgin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Table 3. Poverty Status of People, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009 Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html.

State of America’s Children® 2011

A-3

Where the Majority of Minority Children Live, 2009 The majority of Black children live in eight states Number of Black children in each state

New York Florida Texas Georgia California Illinois North Carolina Maryland Total number of Black children in these states Total number of Black children in the United States

898,042 877,281 863,664 845,665 647,685 556,475 548,973 444,146 5,681,931 11,280,366

The majority of Hispanic children live in three states Number of Hispanic children in each state

California Texas Florida Total number of Hispanic children in these states Total number of Hispanic children in the United States

4,736,730 3,247,131 1,070,805 9,054,666 16,750,075

The majority of American Indian/Alaska Native children live in seven states Number of American Indian/ Alaska Native children in each state

California Arizona Oklahoma New Mexico Texas Washington Alaska Total number of American Indian/Alaska Native children in these states Total number of American Indian/Alaska Native children in U.S.

118,870 110,265 91,125 61,935 54,410 38,090 34,021 508,716 951,329

The majority of Asian/Pacific Islander children live in four states Number of Asian/ Pacific Islander children in each state

California New York Texas New Jersey Total number of Asian/Pacific Islander children in these states Total number of Asian/Pacific Islander children in the U.S.

1,057,691 323,362 242,013 172,367 1,795,433 3,480,257

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Annual State Resident Population Estimates for 6 Race Groups (5 Race Alone Groups and One Group with Two or more Race Groups) by Age, Sex, and Hispanic Origin: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009,” at . Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

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Children’s Defense Fund

The racial and ethnic makeup of the child population differs across states where minority children make up the majority of the child population.

States Where a Majority of Children Are Racial or Ethnic Minorities, 2009 Total number of children

Hawaii District of Columbia New Mexico California Texas Arizona Nevada Florida Maryland Georgia

Minority children Number Percent of total

290,361 114,036 510,238 9,435,682 6,895,969 1,732,019 681,033 4,057,773 1,351,935 2,583,792

235,892 90,706 366,851 6,660,035 4,413,691 1,005,608 391,414 2,093,499 680,554 1,295,640

81.2% 79.5 71.9 70.6 64.0 58.1 57.5 51.6 50.3 50.1

White, non-Hispanic

Asian/Pacific Islander

Hispanic

American Indian/Alask Native

Two or more races

Black

100

ar y

gi a

Ge or

la nd

a id Fl or

ev ad a N

iz on a Ar

s Te xa

ia rn Ca lif o

Co stric lu t o m f bi a N ew M ex ic o

ai i

Percent

State of America’s Children® 2011

A-5

Twenty states and the District of Columbia have a minority child population of 40 percent or more. A majority of all minority children live in California, Texas, New York, Florida and Illinois.

Child Population, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 White Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Black

One Race Only American Indian/ Alaska Native

Asian/ Pacific Islander

743,933 113,522 1,417,786 533,912 7,186,489 1,057,381 640,945 140,953 32,399 2,921,938 1,580,862 73,551 384,282 2,387,454 1,336,015 643,170 598,030 874,599 647,841 251,518 782,615 1,160,358 1,790,452 1,036,460 407,922 1,152,184 184,603 391,842 528,927 266,740 1,462,469 400,361 3,037,550 1,579,219 121,780 2,171,421 660,757 749,758 2,210,248 188,004 680,162 158,936 1,116,422 5,567,405 786,444 118,460 1,259,179 1,240,076 354,680 1,094,555 118,272

342,322 9,985 96,390 137,298 647,685 66,997 103,817 51,501 74,129 877,281 845,665 13,724 7,615 556,475 181,052 31,058 54,418 98,717 425,858 6,650 444,146 138,706 401,986 89,815 333,446 203,097 3,449 28,475 63,692 7,161 345,066 21,657 898,042 548,973 2,871 405,986 90,643 25,589 397,320 20,111 352,136 4,153 309,559 863,664 16,904 2,233 414,029 78,341 19,283 117,931 3,265

5,510 34,021 110,265 7,855 118,870 18,149 4,188 928 441 26,291 11,065 2,256 8,360 12,618 5,224 5,035 8,588 2,911 7,804 2,238 5,584 5,471 16,175 23,759 4,974 8,075 21,972 8,066 12,519 1,029 8,390 61,935 28,052 32,693 13,805 7,666 91,125 17,140 9,157 2,436 5,623 27,906 5,905 54,410 14,277 457 7,196 38,090 844 18,936 5,045

13,403 10,620 48,239 10,427 1,057,691 38,037 34,208 6,960 3,467 110,514 79,834 115,424 5,821 139,586 25,448 14,567 17,759 13,008 17,694 3,944 72,111 83,834 66,969 66,476 7,404 26,123 2,163 9,840 40,407 7,341 172,367 9,274 323,362 55,206 1,498 49,252 16,304 37,898 85,476 8,064 16,947 2,344 24,708 242,013 24,008 2,075 97,838 116,461 2,829 41,598 1,416

56,344,841

11,280,366

951,329

3,480,257

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. ** Includes all children except White, non-Hispanic children. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Annual State Resident Population Estimates for 6 Race Groups (5 Race Alone Groups and One Group with Two or more Race Groups) by Age, Sex, and Hispanic Origin: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009,” at . Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Child Population, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 Two or more races

Hispanic*

White, non-Hispanic

Minority**

23,696 15,398 59,339 20,476 424,947 47,199 24,827 6,651 3,600 121,749 66,366 85,406 13,112 81,244 41,626 19,325 26,156 25,088 24,189 6,826 47,479 44,633 74,310 44,287 13,996 41,859 7,641 13,418 35,488 6,800 57,556 17,011 137,077 61,876 4,017 80,016 60,020 42,426 72,931 8,210 25,864 6,277 36,658 168,477 27,191 3,050 68,940 96,624 8,813 37,230 4,027

64,429 16,884 754,363 70,989 4,736,730 366,807 144,500 25,003 13,960 1,070,805 324,493 43,508 68,682 705,192 137,909 55,999 104,019 45,929 50,029 6,657 141,459 194,727 156,510 94,442 27,028 79,096 11,494 63,824 263,782 13,357 442,088 282,203 960,678 296,159 5,660 123,160 120,670 172,970 241,633 45,268 81,034 10,340 107,483 3,247,131 141,968 2,805 197,128 276,821 7,724 118,032 16,514

686,160 101,659 726,411 469,489 2,775,647 722,595 517,308 119,154 23,330 1,964,274 1,288,152 54,469 321,846 1,725,779 1,210,504 592,652 503,900 834,795 605,720 245,790 671,381 1,008,858 1,653,490 959,815 384,539 1,082,699 175,365 335,145 289,619 255,194 1,088,513 143,387 2,289,156 1,311,809 117,280 2,069,513 559,073 593,483 2,019,005 150,003 612,761 151,378 1,026,363 2,482,278 656,034 115,986 1,088,469 1,003,810 347,750 989,835 103,785

442,704 81,887 1,005,608 240,479 6,660,035 505,168 290,677 87,839 90,706 2,093,499 1,295,640 235,892 97,344 1,451,598 378,861 120,503 201,051 179,528 517,666 25,386 680,554 424,144 696,402 300,982 383,203 348,639 44,463 116,496 391,414 33,877 957,335 366,851 2,134,927 966,158 26,691 644,828 359,776 279,328 756,127 76,822 467,971 48,238 466,889 4,413,691 212,790 10,289 758,713 565,782 38,699 320,415 28,240

2,491,422

16,750,075

41,225,410

33,322,805

Minority children as a percent of all children 39.2% 44.6 58.1 33.9 70.6 41.1 36.0 42.4 79.5 51.6 50.1 81.2 23.2 45.7 23.8 16.9 28.5 17.7 46.1 9.4 50.3 29.6 29.6 23.9 49.9 24.4 20.2 25.8 57.5 11.7 46.8 71.9 48.3 42.4 18.5 23.8 39.2 32.0 27.2 33.9 43.3 24.2 31.3 64.0 24.5 8.1 41.1 36.0 10.0 24.5 21.4 44.7

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

State of America’s Children® 2011

A-7

The percentage of children by race varies greatly across states. The highest percentage of Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indian/Alaska Native and White, non-Hispanic children are in the District of Columbia, New Mexico, Hawaii, Alaska and Vermon respectively.

Percent of the Child Population, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 Ranking of the Percentage of Children in Each Race/Ethnicity from Highest to Lowest White, non-Hispanic Percent Rank Alabama 60.8% 29 Alaska 55.4 36 Arizona 41.9 46 Arkansas 66.1 25 California 29.4 48 Colorado 58.9 31 Connecticut 64.0 27 Delaware 57.6 33 District of Columbia 20.5 50 Florida 48.4 44 Georgia 49.9 42 Hawaii 18.8 51 Idaho 76.8 10 Illinois 54.3 37 Indiana 76.2 11 Iowa 83.1 5 Kansas 71.5 20 Kentucky 82.3 6 Louisiana 53.9 38 Maine 90.6 2 Maryland 49.7 43 Massachusetts 70.4 21 Michigan 70.4 21 Minnesota 76.1 13 Mississippi 50.1 41 Missouri 75.6 15 Montana 79.8 8 Nebraska 74.2 18 Nevada 42.5 45 New Hampshire 88.3 4 New Jersey 53.2 39 New Mexico 28.1 49 New York 51.7 40 North Carolina 57.6 33 North Dakota 81.5 7 Ohio 76.2 11 Oklahoma 60.8 29 Oregon 68.0 24 Pennsylvania 72.8 19 Rhode Island 66.1 25 South Carolina 56.7 35 South Dakota 75.8 14 Tennessee 68.7 23 Texas 36.0 47 Utah 75.5 16 Vermont 91.9 1 Virginia 58.9 31 Washington 64.0 27 West Virginia 90.0 3 Wisconsin 75.5 16 Wyoming 78.6 9 United States

55.3

Black Percent Rank 30.3% 7 5.4 36 5.6 34 19.3 14 6.9 32 5.5 35 12.8 21 24.9 8 65.0 1 21.6 11 32.7 5 4.7 39 1.8 49 17.5 15 11.4 23 4.4 40 7.7 30 9.7 25 37.9 3 2.5 44 32.9 4 9.7 25 17.1 16 7.1 31 43.4 2 14.2 20 1.6 50 6.3 33 9.4 27 2.5 43 16.9 17 4.2 41 20.3 13 24.1 9 2.0 47 15.0 18 9.9 24 2.9 42 14.3 19 8.9 29 32.6 6 2.1 46 20.7 12 12.5 22 1.9 48 1.8 49 22.4 10 5.0 37 5.0 37 9.0 28 2.5 44 15.1

American Indian Alaska Native Percent Rank 0.5% 33 18.5 1 6.4 7 1.1 21 1.3 19 1.5 16 0.5 33 0.4 36 0.4 36 0.6 29 0.4 36 0.8 23 2.0 10 0.4 36 0.3 47 0.7 26 1.2 20 0.3 47 0.7 26 0.8 23 0.4 36 0.4 36 0.7 26 1.9 12 0.6 29 0.6 29 10.0 4 1.8 13 1.8 13 0.4 36 0.4 36 12.1 3 0.6 29 1.4 17 9.6 6 0.3 47 9.9 5 2.0 10 0.3 47 1.1 21 0.5 33 14.0 2 0.4 36 0.8 23 1.6 15 0.4 36 0.4 36 2.4 9 0.2 17 1.4 8 3.8 51 1.3

Asian, Pacific Islander Percent Rank 1.2% 45 5.8 8 2.8 23 1.5 41 11.2 2 3.1 19 4.2 14 3.4 17 3.0 22 2.7 26 3.1 19 39.8 1 1.4 43 4.4 12 1.6 37 2.0 31 2.5 27 1.3 44 1.6 37 1.5 41 5.3 9 5.9 6 2.8 23 5.3 9 1.0 48 1.8 32 1.0 48 2.2 30 5.9 6 2.5 27 8.4 3 1.8 32 7.3 5 2.4 29 1.0 48 1.8 32 1.8 32 4.3 13 3.1 19 3.6 15 1.6 37 1.2 45 1.7 36 3.5 16 2.8 23 1.6 37 5.3 9 7.4 4 0.7 51 3.2 18 1.1 47 4.7

Hispanic* Percent Rank 5.7% 39 9.2 30 43.6 4 10.0 29 50.2 2 29.9 6 17.9 13 12.1 26 12.2 25 26.4 7 12.6 23 15.0 17 16.4 15 22.2 8 8.7 32 7.9 34 14.8 18 4.5 44 4.5 44 2.5 49 10.5 28 13.6 20 6.7 38 7.5 35 3.5 48 5.5 40 5.2 41 14.1 19 38.7 5 4.6 43 21.6 10 55.3 1 21.7 9 13.0 22 3.9 47 4.5 44 13.1 21 19.8 12 8.7 32 20.0 11 7.5 35 5.2 41 7.2 37 47.1 3 16.3 16 2.2 50 10.7 27 17.6 14 2.0 51 9.0 31 12.5 24 22.5

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Note: The state rankings on this page refer to the percentage of children by race and ethnicity in each state. States with the highest percentage are ranked 1st and states with the smallest percentage are ranked 51st. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Estimates of the Resident Population by Selected Age Groups for the United States, States, and Puerto Rico: July 1, 2009,” at http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2009-01.html; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Annual State Resident Population Estimates for 6 Race Groups (5 Race Alone Groups and One Group with Two or more Race Groups) by Age, Sex, and Hispanic Origin: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009,” at . Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

A-8

Children’s Defense Fund

More than one in four of the nearly 75 million children in the U.S. are infants, toddlers and preschoolers.

Child Population, by Age, 2009

Total under age 18

Under age 5

Ages 5–13

1,128,864 183,546 1,732,019 709,968 9,435,682 1,227,763 807,985 206,993 114,036 4,057,773 2,583,792 290,361 419,190 3,177,377 1,589,365 713,155 704,951 1,014,323 1,123,386 271,176 1,351,935 1,433,002 2,349,892 1,260,797 767,742 1,431,338 219,828 451,641 681,033 289,071 2,045,848 510,238 4,424,083 2,277,967 143,971 2,714,341 918,849 872,811 2,775,132 226,825 1,080,732 199,616 1,493,252 6,895,969 868,824 126,275 1,847,182 1,569,592 386,449 1,310,250 132,025

315,210 54,463 518,431 204,785 2,753,801 364,481 210,470 59,726 37,144 1,166,005 751,215 88,987 124,936 893,952 445,604 203,997 205,385 288,022 319,438 70,762 380,606 385,851 616,055 363,975 222,503 403,529 62,438 134,717 203,570 74,689 555,282 151,988 1,223,080 664,837 43,401 739,526 271,861 247,909 746,813 60,139 311,013 59,640 425,565 2,073,513 273,723 32,474 533,143 450,617 105,976 364,068 40,341

556,545 87,907 850,544 349,123 4,550,926 602,724 403,054 100,564 52,236 1,976,173 1,276,639 138,261 205,040 1,564,930 785,517 346,415 345,088 497,321 551,492 132,660 659,124 707,679 1,163,651 612,477 373,193 699,837 105,683 218,270 333,530 142,544 1,017,592 247,417 2,156,475 1,121,554 67,465 1,339,903 447,801 428,202 1,356,459 111,425 527,103 95,458 732,782 3,397,334 426,672 61,364 903,530 765,222 190,651 640,645 62,881

257,109 41,176 363,044 156,060 2,130,955 260,558 194,461 46,703 24,656 915,595 555,938 63,113 89,214 718,495 358,244 162,743 154,478 228,980 252,456 67,754 312,205 339,472 570,186 284,345 172,046 327,972 51,707 98,654 143,933 71,838 472,974 110,833 1,044,528 491,576 33,105 634,912 199,187 196,700 671,860 55,261 242,616 44,518 334,905 1,425,122 168,429 32,437 410,509 353,753 89,822 305,537 28,803

813,654 129,083 1,213,588 505,183 6,681,881 863,282 597,515 147,267 76,892 2,891,768 1,832,577 201,374 294,254 2,283,425 1,143,761 509,158 499,566 726,301 803,948 200,414 971,329 1,047,151 1,733,837 896,822 545,239 1,027,809 157,390 316,924 477,463 214,382 1,490,566 358,250 3,201,003 1,613,130 100,570 1,974,815 646,988 624,902 2,028,319 166,686 769,719 139,976 1,067,687 4,822,456 595,101 93,801 1,314,039 1,118,975 280,473 946,182 91,684

74,548,215

21,299,656

36,487,082

16,761,477

53,248,559

Ages 14–17

Ages 5–17

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Estimates of the Resident Population by Selected Age Groups for the United States, States, and Puerto Rico: July 1, 2009,” at http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2009-01.html. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

A-9

By 2050 the number of children will increase by more than one-third and the number of seniors will more than double.

Population of Children and Seniors, 1960–2050 Children

Seniors

Total, all ages (in 1,000s)

Number (in 1,000s)

1960

180,676

64,561

35.7%

16,659

9.2%

1970

204,879

69,702

34.0

20,085

9.8

1980

227,738

63,683

28.0

25,713

11.3

1990

248,718

63,923

25.7

31,080

12.5

2000

281,422

72,294

25.7

34,992

12.4

2009

307,007

74,548

24.3

39,571

12.9

2020

341,387

81,685

23.9

54,804

16.1

2030

373,504

87,815

23.5

72,092

19.3

2040

405,655

93,986

23.2

81,238

20.0

2050

439,010

101,574

23.1

88,547

20.2

Percent of population

Number (in 1,000s)

Percent of population

Actual population

Projected population

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, various years, and “Projections of the Population by Selected Age Groups for the United States: 2010 to 2050,” at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0008.pdf Calculations by Children's Defense Fund.

A-10

Children’s Defense Fund

In every state at least one in five residents is a child. In 11 states there are at least twice as many children as seniors.

Population, 2009: Children and Seniors Children

Total, all ages

Number

4,708,708 698,473 6,595,778 2,889,450 36,961,664 5,024,748 3,518,288 885,122 599,657 18,537,969 9,829,211 1,295,178 1,545,801 12,910,409 6,423,113 3,007,856 2,818,747 4,314,113 4,492,076 1,318,301 5,699,478 6,593,587 9,969,727 5,266,214 2,951,996 5,987,580 974,989 1,796,619 2,643,085 1,324,575 8,707,739 2,009,671 19,541,453 9,380,884 646,844 11,542,645 3,687,050 3,825,657 12,604,767 1,053,209 4,561,242 812,383 6,296,254 24,782,302 2,784,572 621,760 7,882,590 6,664,195 1,819,777 5,654,774 544,270

307,006,550

74,548,215

Seniors

Percent of population 24.0% 26.3 26.3 24.6 25.5 24.4 23.0 23.4 19.0 21.9 26.3 22.4 27.1 24.6 24.7 23.7 25.0 23.5 25.0 20.6 23.7 21.7 23.6 23.9 26.0 23.9 22.5 25.1 25.8 21.8 23.5 25.4 22.6 24.3 22.3 23.5 24.9 22.8 22.0 21.5 23.7 24.6 23.7 27.8 31.2 20.3 23.4 23.6 21.2 23.2 24.3 24.3

Number 651,049 52,849 866,734 413,681 4,148,055 533,580 488,055 126,693 70,184 3,195,841 1,014,814 188,180 187,418 1,594,473 828,591 444,294 367,546 570,336 554,296 205,617 694,796 894,514 1,339,772 671,055 376,913 822,425 141,903 240,630 306,843 179,247 1,173,024 261,342 2,619,755 1,192,025 94,870 1,605,316 495,962 516,862 1,946,266 150,596 623,223 117,732 840,953 2,539,215 251,159 89,911 960,090 806,202 287,557 761,279 66,867 39,570,590

Percent of population 13.8% 7.6 13.1 14.3 11.2 10.6 13.9 14.3 11.7 17.2 10.3 14.5 12.1 12.4 12.9 14.8 13.0 13.2 12.3 15.6 12.2 13.6 13.4 12.7 12.8 13.7 14.6 13.4 11.6 13.5 13.5 13.0 13.4 12.7 14.7 13.9 13.5 13.5 15.4 14.3 13.7 14.5 13.4 10.2 9.0 14.5 12.2 12.1 15.8 13.5 12.3 12.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Estimates of the Resident Population by Selected Age Groups for the United States, States, and Puerto Rico: July 1, 2009 (SC-EST2009-01) at http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2009-01.html. Calculation by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

A-11

Child Poverty

illions of children and families fell into poverty in 2009 due to the economic downturn, jeopardizing the promise of a productive future for them and for our nation. Poverty impairs children’s emotional, intellectual and physical development and ends up costing our nation tens of billions of dollars a year in lost productivity and increased health care costs. Poverty is defined as an annual income below $22,050 for a four-person family. The number of children in poverty increased 28 percent between 2000 and 2009 after dropping 27 percent between 1992 and 2000. Child poverty increased by almost 10 percent between 2008 and 2009, the largest single-year increase since 1960. Children of color continue to suffer disproportionately from poverty. Black and Hispanic children are about three times as likely to be poor as White non-Hispanic children. • A total of 15.5 million children, or one in every five children in America, lived in poverty in 2009, an increase of nearly four million children since 2000. • Almost half—6.9 million—of all poor children lived in extreme poverty, defined as an annual income of less than half of the poverty level ($11,025 for a family of four). Just over one-third (2.4 million) of the children living in extreme poverty were under the age of five. • There were more poor Hispanic children (5.6 million) than poor Black (4.0 million) or poor White (4.9 million) children. Hispanic children experienced the largest single-year increase in 2009. • In 2009, more than one in three Black children and one in three Hispanic children, compared to more than one in ten White non-Hispanic children, lived in poverty. • Almost 60 percent of all children in poverty lived in single-parent families. However, marriedcouple families were not immune to the effects of the recession with 2.2 million marriedcouple families – nearly nine percent more than in 2008 – living in poverty in 2009. • Two-thirds of poor children live in families in which at least one family member works. • More than half of all poor children and half of the children living in extreme poverty live in eight states (California, Texas, New York, Florida, Illinois, Ohio, Georgia, and Michigan). • The number of homeless preschool-age children increased by 43 percent in the past two school years. The number of homeless children and youth enrolled in public schools increased 41 percent between the 2006-2007 and the 2008-2009 school years.

B-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Child poverty was at its lowest level 40 years ago (14.0%). After dropping 27 percent between 1992 and 2000, the children poverty rate increased by 28 percent between 2000 and 2009.

Trends in Child Poverty Rate, 1959–2009 30

Percent poor

20.7%

15 14.0%

0 1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

2004

2009

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

Black and Hispanic children have experienced significantly higher rates of poverty since race data was first collected.

Trends in Child Poverty Rates, by Race/Ethnicity, 1959-2009 50 Black

35.7%

Percent poor

Hispanic*

33.1%

30 Asian

20.7% 20

All Races

14.0% 11.9% 10

White, non-Hispanic

1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

2004

2009

* Persons of Hispanic orgin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2010 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Table 3, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/ people.html.

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-3

Since 2000 the number of poor children has increased by 3.9 million, reaching 15.5 million. The number of children who fell into poverty between 2008 and 2009 was the largest single-year increase ever recorded.

Poverty Trends Among Children, 1959–2009

Year

Number of children under 18 who are poor

Child poverty rate

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

17,552,000 17,634,000 16,909,000 16,963,000 16,005,000 16,051,000 14,676,000 12,389,000 11,656,000 10,954,000 9,691,000 10,440,000 10,551,000 10,284,000 9,642,000 10,156,000 11,104,000 10,273,000 10,288,000 9,931,000 10,377,000 11,543,000 12,505,000 13,647,000 13,911,000 13,420,000 13,010,000 12,876,000 12,843,000 12,455,000 12,590,000 13,431,000 14,341,000 15,294,000 15,727,000 15,289,000 14,665,000 14,463,000 14,113,000 13,467,000 12,280,000 11,587,000 11,733,000 12,133,000 12,866,000 13,041,000 12,896,000 12,827,000 13,324,000 14,068,000 15,451,000

27.3% 26.9 25.6 25.0 23.1 23.0 21.0 17.6 16.6 15.6 14.0 15.1 15.3 15.1 14.4 15.4 17.1 16.0 16.2 15.9 16.4 18.3 20.0 21.9 22.3 21.5 20.7 20.5 20.3 19.5 19.6 20.6 21.8 22.3 22.7 21.8 20.8 20.5 19.9 18.9 17.1 16.2 16.3 16.7 17.6 17.8 17.6 17.4 18.0 19.0 20.7

Number of children * under 6 who are poor n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,298,000 3,561,000 3,499,000 3,276,000 3,097,000 3,294,000 3,460,000 3,270,000 3,326,000 3,184,000 3,415,000 4,030,000 4,422,000 4,821,000 5,122,000 4,938,000 4,832,000 4,619,000 4,852,000 5,032,000 5,071,000 5,198,000 5,483,000 5,781,000 6,097,000 5,878,000 5,670,000 5,333,000 5,049,000 4,775,000 4,162,000 4,066,000 4,188,000 4,296,000 4,654,000 4,747,000 4,784,000 4,830,000 5,101,000 5,295,000 5,983,000

Poverty rate for children * under 6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 15.3% 16.6 16.9 16.1 15.7 16.9 18.2 17.7 18.1 17.2 17.8 20.5 22.0 23.3 24.6 23.4 22.6 21.6 22.4 22.6 22.5 23.0 24.0 25.0 25.6 24.5 23.7 22.7 21.6 20.6 18.4 17.8 18.2 18.5 19.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.8 21.3 23.8

* Related children in families Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States: 2009, Table 6.

B-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Minority children historically have been at greater risk of being poor. A Black child still has the greatest chance of being poor, but in 2009 Hispanic children experienced the largest single-year increase in poverty.

Poverty Trends Among Children, by Race/Ethnicity, 1959–2009 Year

All Children Number (in 1,000s) Percent 17,552 17,634 16,909 16,963 16,005 16,051 14,676 12,389 11,656 10,954 9,691 10,440 10,551 10,284 9,642 10,156 11,104 10,273 10,288 9,931 10,377 11,543 12,505 13,647 13,911 13,420 13,010 12,876 12,843 12,455 12,590 13,431 14,341 15,294 15,727 15,289 14,665 14,463 14,113 13,467 12,280 11,587 11,733 12,133 12,866 13,041 12,896 12,827 13,324 14,068 15,451

White, non-Hispanic Black Number Number (in 1,000s) Percent (in 1,000s) Percent n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 4,820 5,342 4,799 4,714 4,506 4,730 5,510 5,946 6,566 6,649 6,156 5,745 5,789 5,230 4,888 5,110 5,532 5,918 6,017 6,255 5,823 5,115 5,072 5,204 4,822 4,155 4,018 4,194 4,090 4,233 4,519 4,254 4,208 4,255 4,364 4,850

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 9.5% 10.8 9.8 9.9 9.6 10.1 11.8 12.9 14.4 14.8 13.7 12.8 13.0 11.8 11.0 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.6 12.5 11.2 11.1 11.4 10.6 9.4 9.1 9.5 9.4 9.8 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.6 11.9

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,755 3,925 3,787 3,888 3,830 3,833 3,961 4,237 4,472 4,398 4,413 4,157 4,148 4,385 4,296 4,375 4,550 4,755 5,106 5,125 4,906 4,761 4,519 4,225 4,151 3,813 3,581 3,492 3,645 3,877 3,788 3,841 3,777 3,904 3,878 4,033

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 39.8% 41.7 40.6 41.8 41.5 41.2 42.3 45.2 47.6 46.7 46.6 43.6 43.1 45.1 43.5 43.7 44.8 45.9 46.6 46.1 43.8 41.9 39.9 37.2 36.7 33.2 31.2 30.2 32.3 34.1 33.7 34.5 33.4 34.5 34.7 35.7

Asian Number (in 1,000s) Percent n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 455 474 392 374 360 363 375 318 564 571 628 564 381 420 369 315 344 281 317 360 374 446 463

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 23.5% 24.1 19.8 17.6 17.5 16.4 18.2 18.3 19.5 19.5 20.3 18.0 11.9 12.7 11.5 11.7 12.5 9.9 11.1 12.2 12.5 14.6 14.0

Hispanic* Number (in 1,000s) Percent n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,443 1,422 1,384 1,535 1,749 1,925 2,181 2,312 2,376 2,606 2,507 2,670 2,631 2,603 2,865 3,094 3,637 3,873 4,075 4,080 4,237 3,972 3,837 3,693 3,522 3,570 3,782 4,077 4,098 4,143 4,072 4,482 5,010 5,610

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 30.2% 28.3 27.6 28.0 33.2 35.9 39.5 38.1 39.2 40.3 37.7 39.3 37.6 36.2 38.4 40.4 40.0 40.9 41.5 40.0 40.3 36.8 34.4 30.3 28.4 28.0 28.6 29.7 28.9 28.3 26.9 28.6 30.6 33.1

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Table 3. Poverty Status of People, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009. Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html. Note: Starting in 2002, the Census Bureau permitted persons to identify as more than one race, therefore membership in racial groups shown before 2002 may overlap and are not directly comparable to later data. The race data in this chart refers to children who are White alone (no other race) non Hispanic, Black alone, and Asian alone.

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-5

Our youngest children are most at risk of being poor, at the same time that their brains are rapidly developing and attention to their developmental needs is critical.

Trends in Child Poverty Rate, by Age Group, 1969–2009 30

23.8%

20.7%

Percent poor

Children under 6

Children under 18

0 1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

2009

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table 6. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characterstics: 2009

Children are more likely to be poor than any other age group. Nearly four million more Americans fell into poverty in 2009; nearly 1.5 million were children.

Trends in Poverty Rate, by Age Group, 1959–2009 35

Percent poor

65 years and older

25 Children under 18

20.7%

15 12.9%

18-64 years old

8.9%

0 1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

2004

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2010 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Table 3, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html.

B-6

Children’s Defense Fund

2009

In 2009 one in every five children – and one in four children under age five – lived in poverty. Children of color suffer disproportionately from poverty. Similar trends in race and age are found for children living in extreme poverty.

Children Living in Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 50

Under 18 Under 5

41.9%

40 35.7%

35.0%

Percent in poverty

33.1%

30 24.5% 20.7%

20 14.7%

14.0% 14.3%

11.9%

0 All children

White, non-Hispanic

Black

Hispanic*

Asian

Children Living in Extreme Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 25

21.6%

Percent in extreme poverty by race

Under 18 20

Under 5 17.9% 15.8%

14.1%

11.5%

9.3% 8.4% 6.9%

6.3% 5.0%

0 All children

White, non-Hispanic

Black

Hispanic*

Asian

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-7

The poorest children are preschool children of color living in female-headed families. Two-thirds of children in poverty are living in working families.

Poor Children in America: A Portrait Number of Poor Children (thousands) 2009

2009

1973

15,451

20.7

14.4

White1 Black1 Asian and Pacific Islander1 Hispanic (may be any race)2 Non-Hispanic White2

9,938 4,033 463 5,610 4,850

17.7 35.7 14.0 33.1 11.9

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South All other regions

6,276 9,176

22.4 19.7

19.7 11.6

Central city Suburb Rural (nonmetropolitan)

6,689 6,076 2,687

27.8 15.5 23.5

20.4 7.8 16.6

Children related to head of household

14,807

20.1

14.2

White1 Black1 Asian and Pacific Islander1 Hispanic (may be any race)2 Non-Hispanic White2

9,457 3,930 448 5,430 4,524

17.1 35.3 13.7 32.5 11.2

9.7 40.6 n/a 27.8 n/a

In female headed family All other family types

7,962 6,845

44.3 12.3

52.1 7.6

10,213 4,376 8,001 2,951

15.0 8.0 13.8 7.4

n/a n/a 8.7 4.1

5,983 8,791

23.8 18.2

15.7 13.6

24,684 3,433

12.9 8.9

8.3 16.3

All persons younger than 18

Any family member works Full time year round Head of family works Full time year round Under age 6 Ages 6-17 Comparison: Adults 18-64 Seniors 65+

Percent of Children Who Are Poor

1 Starting with poverty data for 2002, the Census Bureau permits persons to choose more than one race; racial groups shown here may overlap. 2

Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. White non-Hispanic means White alone (no other race) and not of Hispanic origin. n/a — Not available.

Note: Poverty estimates differ based on the source of the Census data. Census data on poverty is collected through both the American Community Survey (ACS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS provides the most frequent national data on poverty and is therefore the official source of national poverty estimates. The ACS uses a larger sample size and is therefore preferred for state-level poverty data. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement and 1974 March Supplement. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

B-8

Children’s Defense Fund

More than half of all poor children live in eight states and more than half of all poor Hispanic children live in just three states. The majority of poor Black children are in nine states.

States Where the Majority of Poor Children Live All Poor Children

Arizona

White

Black

Hispanic

American Indian, Alaskan Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Two or more races

California

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Michigan

New Mexico New York

X X

North Carolina Ohio

Oklahoma

Pennsylvania Texas Louisiana

X X

South Dakota

Montana

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-9

States Where More than Half of All Poor Children Live

California Texas New York Florida Illinois Ohio Georgia Michigan

Number poor

Percent poor

1,846,741 1,661,402 868,354 851,803 591,398 584,310 568,324 519,828

19.9% 24.4 20.0 21.3 18.9 21.9 22.3 22.5

States With the Largest Percentages of Poor Children

Mississippi District of Columbia Arkansas Kentucky New Mexico Alabama Texas South Carolina Louisiana Tennessee West Virginia Arizona Michigan North Carolina Georgia Oklahoma Ohio Montana Florida Missouri

B-10

Children’s Defense Fund

Percent poor

Number poor

31.0% 29.4 27.2 25.6 25.3 24.7 24.4 24.4 24.2 23.9 23.6 23.4 22.5 22.5 22.3 22.2 21.9 21.4 21.3 20.7

232,628 33,133 189,198 255,416 128,111 274,906 1,661,402 259,429 268,036 349,851 88,610 398,060 519,828 504,937 568,324 200,623 584,310 46,398 851,803 290,959

Poverty Guidelines, 2010 A family is poor if its income falls below the federal poverty guideline for its family size:

Size of family

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Poverty level

$ 10,830 14,570 18,310 22,050 25,790 29,530 33,270 37,010

Extreme poverty level

$ 5,415 7,285 9,155 11,025 12,895 14,765 16,635 18,505

The poverty guidelines are used to determine eligibility for public benefits. They are adjusted annually to account for inflation. Except for Alaska and Hawaii, which have slightly higher levels, there are no adjustments for differences in living costs from state to state. For families with more than eight persons, the federal government adds $3,740 for each additional person. Source: Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 148 (August 3, 2010), pp. 45628-45629. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-11

Every fifth child in America is poor. The lottery of geography results in a child in Mississippi being almost three times as likely to be poor as a child in New Hampshire.

Child Poverty, by Age, 2009 Number Poor Under age 18 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Under age 5

Percent Poor Ages 5–17

Under age 18

Under age 5

Ages 5–17

274,906 23,119 398,060 189,198 1,846,741 210,498 96,893 33,508 33,133 851,803 568,324 39,241 75,008 591,398 311,031 109,423 121,395 255,416 268,036 45,190 154,049 185,613 519,828 173,980 232,628 290,959 46,398 66,349 117,809 30,602 272,697 128,111 868,354 504,937 18,148 584,310 200,623 164,326 466,638 37,731 259,429 35,497 349,851 1,661,402 105,000 16,495 253,068 250,830 88,610 214,404 15,965

90,142 8,472 136,053 62,146 595,252 77,214 31,182 11,460 9,530 283,827 191,861 12,132 26,224 183,707 108,652 40,388 44,708 87,157 90,471 14,089 54,527 57,737 162,640 55,865 73,090 99,845 16,292 23,783 40,846 9,895 87,558 41,871 269,364 171,676 7,142 195,089 64,643 53,461 149,110 9,784 90,494 12,701 122,165 569,607 34,884 5,949 81,809 79,809 28,329 69,793 5,563

184,764 14,647 262,007 127,052 1,251,489 133,284 65,711 22,048 23,603 567,976 376,463 27,109 48,784 407,691 202,379 69,035 76,687 168,259 177,565 31,101 99,522 127,876 357,188 118,115 159,538 191,114 30,106 42,566 76,963 20,707 185,139 86,240 598,990 333,261 11,006 389,221 135,980 110,865 317,528 27,947 168,935 22,796 227,686 1,091,795 70,116 10,546 171,259 171,021 60,281 144,611 10,402

24.7% 12.8 23.4 27.2 19.9 17.4 12.1 16.5 29.4 21.3 22.3 13.8 18.1 18.9 20.0 15.7 17.6 25.6 24.2 17.1 11.6 13.1 22.5 14.1 31.0 20.7 21.4 15.2 17.6 10.8 13.5 25.3 20.0 22.5 13.0 21.9 22.2 19.2 17.1 16.9 24.4 18.5 23.9 24.4 12.2 13.3 13.9 16.2 23.6 16.7 12.6

29.0% 15.8 26.7 31.2 22.0 21.5 15.0 19.7 25.5 24.8 26.2 13.9 21.4 20.8 24.9 20.6 22.3 30.6 28.8 20.4 14.5 15.2 26.9 15.7 33.9 25.0 27.0 18.2 20.4 13.5 16.0 28.3 22.5 26.7 17.0 26.8 24.4 22.2 20.4 16.5 29.6 21.9 29.4 28.0 13.0 19.1 15.9 18.1 27.1 19.6 14.3

23.0% 11.5 21.9 25.0 19.0 15.6 11.1 15.2 31.4 19.9 20.8 13.8 16.7 18.1 18.0 13.8 15.7 23.6 22.4 16.0 10.4 12.4 21.0 13.4 29.8 19.0 19.3 14.0 16.4 9.8 12.5 24.0 19.0 20.9 11.3 20.0 21.3 18.0 15.9 17.0 22.3 17.1 21.7 22.9 11.8 11.3 13.1 15.5 22.3 15.6 11.8

14,656,962

4,849,988

9,806,974

20.0

23.2

18.7

Note: Poverty estimates differ based on the source of the Census data. Census data on poverty is collected through both the American Community Survey (ACS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS provides the most frequent national data on poverty and is therefore the official source of national poverty estimates. The ACS uses a larger sample size and is therefore preferred for state level poverty data. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table B17001. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

B-12

Children’s Defense Fund

About two in five poor children live in extreme poverty—$11,025 a year for a family of four— $919 a month, $230 a week and $32 a day for four people.

Extreme Poverty Among Children, by Age, 2009 Number in Extreme Poverty Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Under age 18

Under age 6

Ages 6–17

125,187 9,629 180,736 83,330 729,817 94,866 44,752 14,609 21,192 367,870 251,138 14,839 28,882 267,286 137,978 44,221 46,790 122,274 116,581 19,424 70,317 87,851 247,891 78,116 105,450 144,043 22,795 24,414 50,548 12,744 120,840 52,005 418,433 228,250 8,011 274,916 86,092 69,436 206,248 17,904 122,506 14,606 164,244 719,676 42,583 7,631 121,538 108,682 41,889 88,771 4,238

48,697 3,566 74,628 34,064 281,108 42,968 16,788 6,227 6,484 143,995 102,201 4,753 12,617 105,102 60,196 17,929 21,928 50,862 51,696 7,548 30,347 32,274 95,250 28,600 41,237 58,235 10,832 10,372 20,495 4,664 44,790 21,879 164,686 96,972 3,513 112,811 35,702 26,791 85,358 4,748 50,489 6,766 70,538 305,533 18,234 3,204 47,150 41,472 18,238 35,007 2,079

76,490 6,063 106,108 49,266 448,709 51,898 27,964 8,382 14,708 223,875 148,937 10,086 16,265 162,184 77,782 26,292 24,862 71,412 64,885 11,876 39,970 55,577 152,641 49,516 64,213 85,808 11,963 14,042 30,053 8,080 76,050 30,126 253,747 131,278 4,498 162,105 50,390 42,645 120,890 13,156 72,017 7,840 93,706 414,143 24,349 4,427 74,388 67,210 23,651 53,764 2,159

6,484,069

2,621,623

3,862,446

Percent in Extreme Poverty Under age 18 11.2% 5.3 10.6 12.0 7.9 7.8 5.6 7.2 18.8 9.2 9.9 5.2 7.0 8.5 8.9 6.3 6.8 12.3 10.5 7.4 5.3 6.2 10.7 6.3 14.0 10.3 10.5 5.6 7.5 4.5 6.0 10.3 9.6 10.2 5.7 10.3 9.5 8.1 7.6 8.0 11.5 7.6 11.2 10.6 4.9 6.1 6.7 7.0 11.2 6.9 3.3 8.8

Under age 6 13.2% 5.7 12.3 14.3 8.8 10.0 6.8 9.0 15.5 10.7 11.7 4.7 8.6 10.1 11.6 7.7 9.3 15.1 13.6 9.1 6.8 7.0 13.1 6.8 16.2 12.3 15.1 6.6 8.7 5.4 6.8 12.5 11.5 12.7 7.1 13.0 11.4 9.4 9.8 6.8 13.9 10.1 14.2 12.6 5.7 8.7 7.6 7.9 14.5 8.2 4.4 10.6

Ages 6–17 10.3% 5.1 9.7 10.7 7.4 6.6 5.1 6.2 20.8 8.4 8.9 5.5 6.1 7.8 7.5 5.7 5.5 10.8 8.9 6.6 4.5 5.8 9.6 6.1 13.0 9.2 8.2 5.0 6.9 4.1 5.6 9.1 8.7 8.9 5.0 9.0 8.6 7.4 6.5 8.6 10.3 6.3 9.7 9.5 4.5 5.1 6.2 6.6 9.5 6.3 2.7 8.0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table B17024. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-13

States Where More than Half of All Children in Extreme Poverty Live

California Texas New York Florida Ohio Illinois Georgia Michigan

Number in extreme poverty

Percent in extreme poverty

729,817 719,676 418,433 367,870 274,916 267,286 251,138 247,891

7.9% 10.6 9.6 9.2 10.3 8.5 9.9 10.7

States With the Largest Percentages of Children Living in Extreme Poverty Percent in extreme poverty

District of Columbia Mississippi Kentucky Arkansas South Carolina Alabama Tennessee West Virginia

B-14

Children’s Defense Fund

18.8% 14.0 12.3 12.0 11.5 11.2 11.2 11.2

Number in extreme poverty

21,192 105,450 122,274 83,330 122,506 125,187 164,244 41,889

More than one in four children living in urban areas and one in four children in rural areas are poor, but there are almost as many poor children in the suburbs as in urban areas.

Child Poverty, by Residence, 2009 Metropolitan Areas Principal City (urban areas) Number Number Child of all of poor poverty children children rate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

303,501 92,376 82,619 9,580 840,531 229,512 207,796 60,170 4,341,501 949,785 452,372 107,337 224,329 47,821 23,469 7,200 112,536 33,133 1,031,144 259,456 408,907 131,033 62,253 7,262 116,941 24,925 1,057,475 287,233 481,426 146,888 199,650 45,615 224,632 52,901 229,054 57,239 317,484 88,059 40,000 10,618 225,218 52,644 324,778 78,321 651,214 241,775 287,554 66,898 88,340 28,945 294,886 85,405 49,114 12,145 169,778 32,771 288,754 57,040 43,352 8,780 219,942 61,062 173,400 41,443 2,151,977 609,367 705,736 162,321 40,740 5,741 639,445 243,435 253,683 68,225 277,862 55,502 588,334 202,596 74,228 14,935 166,054 48,144 54,248 9,740 506,422 163,759 3,198,381 928,558 3,198,382 32,922 No principal city 452,094 94,581 448,337 84,301 42,131 11,681 368,659 106,209 26,536 2,859

23,732,168 6,261,419

30.4% 11.6 27.3 29.0 21.9 23.7 21.3 30.7 29.4 25.2 32.0 11.7 21.3 27.2 30.5 22.8 23.6 25.0 27.7 26.5 23.4 24.1 37.1 23.3 32.8 29.0 24.7 19.3 19.8 20.3 27.8 23.9 28.3 23.0 14.1 38.1 26.9 20.0 34.4 20.1 29.0 18.0 32.3 29.0 21.3 20.9 18.8 27.7 28.8 10.8 26.4

Not Principal City (suburban areas) Number Number Child of all of poor poverty children children rate 498,537 85,142 17.1% 39,734 3,990 10.0 734,589 124,814 17.0 224641 48,620 21.6 4774959 862,841 18.1 607525 73,493 12.1 510240 42,689 8.4 140,466 19,405 13.8 No suburban areas 2,752,961 530,117 19.3 1,697,302 299,883 17.7 134,250 19,314 14.4 156,179 23,439 15.0 1,717,874 223,508 13.0 745,584 95,872 12.9 201,668 17,736 8.8 255,271 28,194 11.0 359,444 67,491 18.8 500,822 94,135 18.8 116,751 13,487 11.6 1,039,730 91,599 8.8 1,085,743 107,292 9.9 1,272,068 189,931 14.9 655,757 59,685 9.1 247,770 46,757 18.9 770,609 116,133 15.1 26,780 2,962 11.1 92,935 7,546 8.1 317,269 51,893 16.4 142,675 10,333 7.2 1,805,776 211,635 11.7 155,696 43,483 27.9 1,881,155 192,118 10.2 897,511 159,622 17.8 27,026 1,521 5.6 1,513,156 221,369 14.6 332,160 52,025 15.7 397,629 64,540 16.2 1,727,273 193,079 11.2 149,461 22,796 15.3 653,270 130,119 19.9 36,869 3,116 8.5 589,773 93,344 15.8 2,866,225 533,348 18.6 612,769 56,764 9.3 34,141 3,178 9.3 1,135,885 108,498 9.6 920,683 125,336 13.6 169,016 29,015 17.2 591,093 56,468 9.6 No suburban areas 38,329,271

5,661,376

14.8

Non-Metropolitan Areas (rural areas) Number Number Child of all of poor poverty children children rate 311,741 97,388 58,056 9,549 129,364 43,734 264,302 80,408 168,832 34,115 151,987 29,668 65,109 6,383 39,318 6,903 No rural areas 210,059 62,230 438,523 137,408 87,745 12,665 140,599 26,644 355,501 80,657 331,751 68,271 295,862 46,072 209,118 40,300 409,432 130,686 288,580 85,842 107,321 21,085 65,847 9,806 No rural areas 386,924 88,122 414,722 156,926 165,213 67,386 339,315 89,421 140,697 31,291 172,719 26,032 64,924 8,876 97,783 11,489 No rural areas 178,046 43,185 318,715 66,869 636,433 182,994 71,890 10,886 521,126 119,506 317,200 80,373 181,564 44,284 407,767 70,963 No rural areas 242,134 81,166 100,584 22,641 370,300 92,748 736,940 199,496 93,785 15,314 80,986 12,146 228,278 49,989 177,063 41,193 164,263 47,914 324,750 51,727 87,818 11,405 11,285,965 2,734,167

31.2% 16.4 33.8 30.4 20.2 19.5 9.8 17.6 29.6 31.3 14.4 19.0 22.7 20.6 15.6 19.3 31.9 29.7 19.6 14.9 22.8 37.8 40.8 26.4 22.2 15.1 13.7 11.7 24.3 21.0 28.8 15.1 22.9 25.3 24.4 17.4 33.5 22.5 25.0 27.1 16.3 15.0 21.9 23.3 29.2 15.9 13.0 24.2

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table B17001. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-15

More Hispanic children are poor than any other racial or ethnic minority. More than one-third of Black and American Indian/Alaska Native children are poor.

Child Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 White Percent Number Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

113,280 10,843 265,955 101,781 978,194 145,606 42,468 17,374 1,417 452,792 209,499 7,194 65,245 265,997 194,726 85,821 82,746 195,654 76,590 37,120 51,229 99,043 282,916 99,408 67,700 187,277 31,352 40,637 80,121 23,984 128,766 75,603 362,559 214,487 10,345 356,215 107,813 117,871 258,550 19,453 95,138 17,050 198,191 1,079,651 80,076 14,038 111,818 156,104 78,005 132,279 12,753

15.8% 10.0 21.3 20.3 18.2 15.3 7.3 13.1 4.8 16.4 14.6 11.9 17.7 12.9 15.4 14.0 14.7 23.1 12.2 15.4 7.1 9.2 16.4 9.9 17.2 16.9 17.5 11.2 16.5 9.3 9.7 22.2 13.6 15.0 8.8 16.8 17.6 17.4 12.3 11.8 14.6 11.4 18.4 22.4 10.8 12.2 9.5 13.8 22.5 12.5 11.5

United States

7,940,734

15.7

Black Number Percent 141,599 905 23,953 63,703 165,641 19,481 22,730 12,769 30,400 311,256 273,914 1,518 1,250 207,077 75,192 8,781 16,749 38,027 174,593 4,295 80,878 32,059 176,793 34,765 157,875 75,728 451 11,386 17,635 3,001 81,114 5,119 241,446 189,564 1,520 175,074 30,343 5,884 135,384 6,021 138,624 766 123,015 254,056 5,131 366 108,953 21,323 6,083 51,244 853 3,766,287

42.3% 10.9 30.5 49.0 29.4 36.0 25.5 26.1 42.8 38.0 33.1 20.8 28.8 40.1 45.3 41.1 40.4 44.1 42.2 54.1 19.4 28.2 46.7 46.6 48.3 40.4 58.8 48.4 30.5 51.1 26.1 39.7 30.9 36.6 68.2 46.8 40.4 30.6 37.4 33.0 41.4 25.4 42.4 31.9 32.6 21.4 27.7 33.8 46.4 47.6 53.3 36.3

One Race Only American Indian, Asian, Alaska Native Pacific Islander Number Percent Number Percent 2,486 6,446 43,128 1,081 22,098 2,121 589 365 — 4,991 1,169 — 1,633 1,440 245 1,848 2,276 1,757 2,826 968 — 464 5,754 7,117 1,274 502 10,620 2,082 2,591 — 1,500 19,695 5,142 9,868 5,029 1,388 17,539 4,115 615 — 782 15,416 — 9,875 3,515 315 1,520 7,955 — 5,796 485 239,582

45.7% 23.5 45.2 20.4 30.7 21.5 34.4 47.8 — 35.6 21.3 — 22.6 28.3 11.3 51.6 35.6 64.0 48.7 55.8 — 24.4 46.6 43.4 35.9 17.8 48.1 34.5 26.5 — 26.7 34.7 38.5 38.2 39.8 32.5 27.6 27.8 18.3 — 24.1 60.1 — 26.2 33.8 49.8 24.5 33.2 — 38.9 10.8

1,337 2,184 4,260 691 116,892 2,104 1,902 — — 12,725 10,503 10,613 552 13,915 3,388 562 1,259 845 1,388 — 4,287 8,409 13,120 13,214 881 2,206 — 1,743 4,027 541 12,700 847 56,652 6,473 — 5,362 3,496 6,823 11,926 1,233 877 618 1,879 28,664 3,297 351 6,255 12,314 — 6,138 —

10.1% 29.1 10.6 8.5 11.9 6.6 6.2 — — 12.3 14.2 11.1 13.6 10.5 15.0 5.4 8.6 7.3 7.8 — 6.7 11.4 20.6 22.0 22.7 10.1 — 19.5 10.4 7.4 7.7 10.9 18.7 13.3 — 12.1 24.4 19.5 15.3 15.6 6.5 25.1 8.8 12.4 15.3 20.4 7.1 12.7 — 16.5 —

35.1

402,217

12.6

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. — Number of poor children in sample too small to calculate reliable counts or race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table B17020, parts A through I. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund

B-16

Children’s Defense Fund

Child Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Other Number 6,245 — 43,131 12,076 484,894 27,537 22,818 949 — 40,345 58,673 589 2,197 73,311 16,579 4,602 5,989 4,679 2,641 872 8,693 30,974 12,663 7,327 2,349 7,132 — 6,616 6,564 1,354 36,519 20,391 162,768 57,967 — 11,290 11,537 18,405 33,333 9,020 10,852 — 12,355 243,130 8,856 — 9,993 33,733 — 6,444 1,039 1,582,217

Percent 41.8% — 29.6 45.7 29.7 34.0 39.4 20.1 — 28.6 49.1 17.8 22.0 25.0 37.5 27.1 30.4 36.8 21.7 75.2 15.3 42.4 33.2 28.0 34.2 31.7 — 33.8 17.0 35.0 26.4 32.7 38.6 47.6 — 39.9 33.7 35.5 43.1 40.4 48.8 — 43.9 36.4 25.1 — 19.1 36.3 — 32.3 37.6 32.8

Two or more races Number Percent 9,959 2,549 17,633 9,767 79,022 13,649 6,386 1,723 — 29,694 14,440 19,025 4,104 29,658 20,901 7,809 12,376 14,454 9,851 1,685 8,519 14,664 28,582 12,149 2,549 18,114 2,909 3,885 6,871 1,698 12,098 6,456 39,787 26,361 1,070 34,981 29,895 11,228 26,253 1,783 12,706 1,262 14,190 46,026 4,125 1,327 14,529 19,401 4,188 12,503 794 725,925

Hispanic* Number Percent

36.1% 10.2 18.8 39.8 12.2 17.0 15.4 17.8 — 18.9 17.9 16.3 20.9 23.3 33.9 25.3 29.7 37.7 31.6 17.6 13.5 20.3 29.8 20.8 15.3 29.6 24.6 25.5 16.7 21.0 15.0 24.6 23.7 27.4 19.3 32.7 28.6 18.9 26.8 20.4 34.6 15.6 28.5 18.6 11.6 30.2 14.9 14.3 34.3 25.6 11.8

26,825 3,150 247,626 30,759 1,281,747 122,646 44,729 6,500 1,796 266,240 131,257 8,015 24,194 179,397 48,841 16,295 31,643 17,620 10,004 1,941 19,976 72,193 54,928 29,148 7,979 26,694 5,384 17,375 64,350 3,349 110,763 83,732 313,268 119,502 — 45,575 42,144 50,091 82,764 15,406 31,386 2,126 38,679 1,130,570 31,959 398 31,294 86,769 1,291 37,031 3,612

43.6% 20.8 33.3 43.2 27.5 34.0 31.4 26.8 13.0 25.3 42.0 18.9 35.3 25.8 36.7 31.6 31.6 38.7 20.7 32.8 14.6 37.6 36.1 32.4 34.4 34.4 55.8 29.0 24.8 26.9 25.4 30.1 33.0 42.3 — 37.7 35.3 29.5 35.2 35.2 40.8 29.0 37.3 35.2 22.9 12.9 16.5 32.0 16.5 32.5 23.8

20.4

5,061,196

30.8

State of America’s Children® 2011

B-17 17

Poverty Rate for Young Black Families The poverty rate for young Black families in 2009 with children in the home was 3.5 times as high as the poverty rate for childless Black families. While the overall family poverty rate for young Black families in 2009 was quite high (40%), the incidence of family poverty varied quite considerably across different types of families. Among childless, married couples, with a family householder that held a bachelor’s or higher degree, the poverty rate was only 3.5 percent (Chart 8). It rose to 9 percent if the family head only held a high school diploma and to 20 percent if the householder lacked a high school diploma or a GED. Among married couple families with children present in the home and a family head lacking a high school diploma, the poverty rate was close to 50 percent. Almost three of every four Black families with a single mother who lacked a high school diploma or GED was poor in 2009.

Income of All Young Families and Young Black Families by Income Inadequacy Problem, 2009

Percent poor

All young families Young Black families With no children under 18 With one or more own children under 18

25.8% 40.4 12.6 45.2

Percent poor or near poor

Percent low-income

31.1% 49.5 17.6 55.0

48.0% 67.2 32.4 73.2

Percent of Young Black Families* Living in Poverty in 2009, By Type of Family, Educational Attainment of Family Householder, and Presence of Children in the Home 80 73.8%

No children

One or more children

58.6%

Percent

60 48.8%

50 40 30 19.8%

20 9.0%

10 3.5% 0 Married-couple, bachelor’s degree or higher

Married-couple, high school graduate

Married-couple, no high school diploma or GED

Single mother, high school graduate or GED

Single mother, no high school graduate or GED

*Head of household younger than 30 Source: Sum, A. et al., Deteriorating Employment Rates and Incomes Threaten the Futures of Young Workers and Young Families; Black Young People and Young Families Fare the Worst, Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University. December 2010.

B-18

Children’s Defense Fund

Family Structure

ll children deserve safe, permanent and loving families. Family structure and stability impact the availability of resources—both emotional and financial—for children. Single parents often need extra support and teen parents even more. The birth rate for Hispanic teens ages 15 – 19 is twice that for White teens, but just above that for Black and American Indian teens. Often grandparents or other relatives step in when parents cannot care for their children—parents may have died, be incarcerated or struggling with substance abuse or other health challenges. Some children end up in foster care. Movement from home to home and family to family can increase risks for the children as they seek needed stability. • About 70 percent of all children—but fewer than 40 percent of Black children—live with two parents. Twenty-three percent of all children and 50 percent of Black children live with their mother only. • Black children are more than twice as likely as White children, almost twice as likely as Hispanic children, and three-and-a-half times more likely than Asian/Pacific Islander children to live with neither parent. • Almost five percent of Black children live with grandparents; Black children are twice as likely as all children to live with their grandparents only or other relatives. • More than 940,000 grandchildren are being raised by grandparents with neither of their parents present. • Sixty-one percent of grandparents who report being responsible for their grandchildren are in the labor force; 20 percent of grandparents raising grandchildren live in poverty. • Black children are more than seven times as likely and Hispanic children are more than two-and-a-half times as likely as White children to have a parent in prison.

C-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Almost 70 percent of all children live with two parents. About half of Black children and one-fourth of Hispanic children live with their mother only.

Living Arrangements of Children, 2010 Total, all races

White

Black

Asian

Hispanic

Living with two parents

69.4%

74.9%

39.2%

85.5%

67.0%

Living with mother only

23.1

18.3

49.7

10.1

26.3

Living with father only

3.4

3.5

3.6

2.2

2.7

Living with neither parent

4.1

3.4

7.5

2.1

4.0

Grandparents only

2.2

1.8

4.6

0.7

1.9

Other relatives only

0.9

0.6

1.8

0.7

1.1

Nonrelatives only

0.8

0.4

0.7

Other arrangement

0.2

0.3

0.2

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March 2010 Current Population Survey, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2010, Table C9, Children by Presence and Type of Parents, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2010, at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hhfam/cps2010.html.

Black children are almost twice as likely as White or Hispanic children (and almost three-and-a-half times as likely as Asian children) to live with neither parent.

Children Living with Neither Parent, 2010 8 7.5%

Percent

4.1%

4.0%

3.4%

2.1% 2

0 Total, All races

Black

Hispanic

White

Asian

State of America’s Children® 2011

C-3

The teen birth rate rose slightly in 2006 and 2007 for the first time in 15 years, but then declined again in 2008.

Trends in Teen Birth Rates, 1980–2008

Births per 1,000 females ages 15–19

120 100

Black

Hispanic* American Indian

77.5

63.4

58.4

All Races 41.5

37.8

Whtie

16.2

Asian

0 1980

1984

1989

1994

1999

2004

2008

American Indian

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic*

97.8 94.5 94.3 93.9 94.1 95.4 95.8 97.6 102.7 111.5 112.8 114.8 111.3 107.3 102.9 94.4 89.6 86.3 83.5 79.1 77.4 71.8 66.6 63.8 63.3 62.0 64.6

82.2 78.4 83.5 84.2 81.5 79.2 78.1 77.2 77.5 82.7 81.1 84.1 82.4 79.8 76.4 72.9 68.2 65.2 64.7 59.9 58.3 56.3 53.8 53.1 52.5 52.7 55.0

26.2 28.5 29.4 26.1 24.2 23.8 22.8 22.4 24.2 25.6 26.4 27.3 26.5 26.5 26.6 25.5 23.5 22.3 22.2 21.4 20.5 19.8 18.3 17.4 17.3 17.0 17.0

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 100.8 100.3 104.6 103.3 101.8 101.3 99.3 94.6 89.6 87.9 86.8 87.3 86.4 83.4 82.3 82.6 81.7 83.0

64.9 63.4

59.3 58.4

16.9 16.2

81.8 77.5

All Races

White

Black

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

53.0 52.2 52.4 51.4 50.6 51.0 50.2 50.6 53.0 57.3 59.9 61.8 60.3 59.0 58.2 56.0 53.5 51.3 50.3 48.8 47.7 45.3 43.0 41.6 41.1 40.5 41.9

45.4 44.9 45.0 43.9 42.9 43.3 42.3 42.5 44.4 47.9 50.8 52.6 51.4 50.6 50.5 49.5 47.5 45.5 44.9 44.0 43.2 41.2 39.4 38.3 37.7 37.0 38.2

2007 2008 2009

42.5 41.5 39.1**

38.8 37.8

*Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race; Hispanic data prior to 1989 not available. ** Preliminary data. No preliminary race data available for teen birth rates in 2009. Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 59, No. 1 (December, 2010), Births: Final Data for 2008, Table 4. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_01.pdf.

C-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Teen birth rates declined in all states between 1995 and 2000 but were higher in 2008 than in 2000 in seven states. There are great disparities among the states in teen birth rates, with a high of 65.7 births per 1,000 teens in Mississippi to a low of 19.8 births per 1,000 teens in New Hampshire.

Teen Birth Rates1 1990

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

71.0 65.3 75.5 80.1 70.6 54.5 38.8 54.5 93.1 69.1 75.5 61.2 50.6 62.9 58.6 40.5 56.1 67.6 74.2 43.0 53.2 35.1 59.0 36.3 81.0 62.8 48.4 42.3 73.3 33.0 40.5 78.2 43.6 67.6 35.4 57.9 66.8 54.6 44.9 43.9 71.3 46.8 72.3 75.3 48.5 34.0 52.9 53.1 57.3 42.6 56.3

68.5 54.5 73.5 71.9 66.8 52.3 38.6 54.6 85.2 60.2 69.8 48.8 48.7 58.4 56.6 38.3 52.0 62.3 69.9 33.9 47.2 33.3 49.1 32.5 79.2 55.1 42.4 37.8 73.4 30.3 37.7 74.0 42.2 63.0 32.9 53.4 63.7 50.1 40.9 39.8 62.8 40.9 66.6 75.6 40.9 28.1 48.4 48.0 52.7 37.9 47.9

60.7 49.0 67.9 66.2 47.0 51.3 31.1 48.0 53.2 51.1 62.8 46.1 42.9 48.0 49.1 34.2 46.1 55.1 62.1 29.2 41.3 25.9 40.2 30.1 70.1 48.7 36.7 37.7 63.0 23.3 31.8 65.6 33.2 58.6 27.3 46.0 59.7 42.8 34.0 33.6 58.0 38.1 59.5 68.9 38.3 23.4 40.9 39.2 46.5 35.2 41.7

49.7 37.3 58.2 59.1 38.8 42.6 23.3 44.0 63.4 42.4 52.7 36.2 37.7 38.6 43.2 32.6 41.4 49.1 49.1 24.4 31.8 21.8 32.5 26.1 60.5 42.5 35.2 34.2 50.1 17.9 23.4 61.6 26.5 48.5 29.7 38.9 54.2 33.0 30.4 31.4 51.0 37.5 54.9 61.6 33.4 18.6 34.4 31.1 43.4 30.3 43.2

53.5 44.3 62.0 62.3 39.9 43.8 23.5 41.9 48.4 45.2 54.2 40.5 39.2 39.5 43.5 32.9 42.0 54.6 53.9 25.8 33.6 21.3 33.8 27.9 68.4 45.7 39.6 33.4 55.8 18.7 24.9 64.1 25.7 49.7 26.5 40.0 59.6 35.7 31.0 27.8 53.0 40.2 54.7 63.1 34.0 20.8 35.2 33.4 44.9 30.9 47.3

54.1 44.7 61.2 61.7 39.7 43.4 23.1 40.6 49.9 45.5 54.9 41.3 41.4 40.0 45.2 33.2 43.7 55.1 55.9 26.9 34.4 22.1 34.2 28.6 71.9 45.7 36.8 36.1 55.3 20.0 25.2 66.1 25.8 49.9 29.3 41.3 61.5 35.9 31.5 30.0 53.6 42.2 56.2 64.2 36.1 22.0 35.1 34.8 47.4 32.2 51.9

53.0 46.8 56.2 61.8 38.4 42.5 22.9 40.4 50.9 42.8 51.8 42.1 41.2 38.1 43.7 33.9 45.6 55.6 54.1 26.1 32.8 20.1 33.2 27.2 65.7 45.5 40.7 36.5 53.5 19.8 24.5 64.1 25.2 49.4 28.6 41.0 61.6 37.2 31.5 28.5 53.1 40.0 55.6 63.4 35.1 21.3 33.5 34.6 48.8 31.3 49.2

United States

59.9

56.0

47.7

40.5

41.9

42.5

41.5

1Number of births to teens ages 15-19 per 1,000 females ages 15-19.

Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 52, No. 12 (August 4, 2003), Revised Birth and Fertility Rates for the 1990s and New Rates for Hispanic Populations, 2000 and 2001: United States, Table 10; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 56, No. 6 (December 5, 2007), Births: Final Data 2005, Table 11; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 57, No. 7 (Jaunaru 7, 2009), Births: Final Data 2006, Table 11; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 59, No. 1 (December, 2010), Births: Final Data for 2008, Table B.

State of America’s Children® 2011

C-5

Kinship Care Families The terms “kinship care families” or “grandfamilies” are used to describe families where grandparents or other relatives are raising their grandchildren or other related children when the children’s parents are unable to do so. More than seven million children are living in multi-generational households headed by grandparents and other relatives. Sometimes the child’s parent lives there too, but other times they do not. Children may live with a relative because their parent needs additional support to help raise them or because their parent is unable to care for them. Generally, the Children’s Defense Fund refers to children being raised by relatives as those who are living with relatives who are responsible for them without their parents present.

Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives

7,094,116 children live with a grandparent or other relative who is the head of the household. 5,345,635 of these are grandchildren who live with a grandparent who is the head of the household. 2,867,125 of these grandchildren live with a grandparent who reports being responsible for them. 943,356 grandchildren are being raised by grandparents who are responsible for them and the children’s parent is not present in the home.

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren 6,687,495 grandparents are the heads of households and live with their grandchildren. 2,696,053 of these grandparents live with their grandchildren and report being responsible for them. 904,488 grandparents live with their grandchildren and report being responsible for them without that child’s parent being present in the home.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B09006, B10002, B10050 and B10051. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

C-6

Children’s Defense Fund

More than 2.8 million grandchildren live with grandparents who report they are responsible for them. One-third of these children have no parent living with them.

Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives, 2009

Living in households headed by: Grandparent Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Other Relative

Grandchildren living with grandparents responsible for them: No parent of grandchild present Total

Number

Percent

110,977 12,532 144,835 58,192 735,450 61,202 48,152 14,852 13,397 315,514 213,418 40,584 18,862 213,258 105,558 26,755 31,443 88,582 121,196 11,521 106,405 73,562 134,355 42,631 105,511 92,581 13,540 19,563 50,791 13,669 114,430 51,013 304,458 155,146 5,309 158,704 67,976 49,809 172,803 13,236 96,450 12,506 138,120 610,289 46,812 4,365 119,711 82,908 38,366 57,033 7,303

26,954 3,482 50,610 11,772 367,117 26,556 11,862 4,487 6,169 97,802 73,132 11,314 6,117 74,899 21,877 7,098 11,160 19,953 29,973 3,143 34,245 22,430 35,082 14,487 22,131 24,177 3,678 4,932 21,094 2,603 42,586 11,144 106,983 48,977 1,117 40,364 16,136 14,646 41,379 4,799 25,705 3,710 32,339 194,691 16,885 1,138 39,017 28,925 6,741 19,260 1,603

71,625 6,925 77,722 39,302 313,542 33,170 23,508 9,075 5,802 171,592 130,841 10,509 11,156 113,181 66,730 14,120 18,083 63,493 75,238 5,572 51,916 30,637 68,951 21,194 69,008 50,460 8,829 11,119 28,337 6,247 50,741 29,365 140,185 99,144 3,048 90,061 43,479 27,189 85,003 4,835 56,740 8,207 80,695 356,410 18,381 1,928 62,220 43,781 23,603 29,199 5,027

26,980 2,241 22,396 15,335 75,160 13,047 8,444 2,469 1,691 58,614 48,057 2,788 3,652 33,817 21,124 4,650 7,081 28,348 29,128 2,564 15,109 8,630 20,963 6,623 22,358 19,245 4,195 4,531 7,135 1,909 16,147 9,593 39,526 40,564 1,030 33,999 17,062 8,319 32,900 1,554 22,721 2,818 29,230 103,547 4,489 1,115 21,890 16,690 9,916 9,563 2,399

37.7% 32.4 28.8 39.0 24.0 39.3 35.9 27.2 29.1 34.2 36.7 26.5 32.7 29.9 31.7 32.9 39.2 44.6 38.7 46.0 29.1 28.2 30.4 31.2 32.4 38.1 47.5 40.8 25.2 30.6 31.8 32.7 28.2 40.9 33.8 37.8 39.2 30.6 38.7 32.1 40.0 34.3 36.2 29.1 24.4 57.8 35.2 38.1 42.0 32.8 47.7

5,345,635

1,748,481

2,867,125

943,356

32.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B09006 and B10002. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

C-7

Nearly 2.7 million grandparents report being responsible for their grandchildren; 36 percent have had this responsibility for five years or more.

Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren, 2009 Selected Characteristics Total number who report being responsible Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Grandparents raising children without parent present Number Percent

64,874 7,535 64,725 37,866 298,557 33,112 23,974 8,102 4,061 160,821 110,881 10,918 11,827 101,647 66,164 13,435 20,648 59,763 64,835 6,199 47,117 33,678 69,712 22,399 49,366 50,101 7,098 10,590 26,461 6,257 50,138 27,418 141,157 98,493 2,663 93,158 40,367 25,210 85,303 5,856 52,462 7,306 77,238 314,383 19,549 2,406 62,153 44,105 21,773 27,904 4,288

26,581 1,954 18,549 14,735 70,097 12,434 9,497 2,927 1,452 56,249 41,232 2,784 3,782 29,184 22,257 4,519 7,771 26,597 25,112 2,903 13,371 9,357 21,693 6,967 18,076 19,660 2,954 4,358 7,328 2,268 14,541 9,040 37,400 42,419 1,115 35,856 16,787 9,336 33,175 1,771 20,815 3,450 30,648 96,032 4,943 1,294 21,580 16,749 9,658 9,075 2,156

2,696,053

904,488

41.0% 25.9 28.7 38.9 23.5 37.6 39.6 36.1 35.8 35.0 37.2 25.5 32.0 28.7 33.6 33.6 37.6 44.5 38.7 46.8 28.4 27.8 31.1 31.1 36.6 39.2 41.6 41.2 27.7 36.2 29.0 33.0 26.5 43.1 41.9 38.5 41.6 37.0 38.9 30.2 39.7 47.2 39.7 30.5 25.3 53.8 34.7 38.0 44.4 32.5 50.3 33.5

Number in labor force

Number

35,102 4,433 38,719 21,789 181,206 21,245 15,275 5,597 1,330 98,934 65,451 5,911 7,814 66,996 41,620 9,754 14,440 31,543 33,962 3,760 31,264 22,072 40,863 15,269 28,795 31,311 4,471 7,433 16,319 4,706 31,900 17,920 79,560 62,191 1,724 57,562 24,826 16,060 50,576 3,982 31,615 4,740 44,461 198,281 13,320 1,439 40,467 28,527 10,578 18,014 2,931

17,334 778 15,168 9,724 47,485 6,249 3,826 911 1,533 34,356 28,692 1,691 2,064 21,091 15,279 1,945 3,015 14,668 18,411 760 6,886 4,176 12,793 5,168 14,033 8,993 1,641 1,613 2,641 600 6,133 5,613 30,569 23,470 540 20,220 9,328 3,438 14,940 743 12,127 1,850 18,479 70,029 1,987 567 8,793 6,542 4,059 6,367 156

1,648,058

549,474

Poor Percent 26.7% 10.3 23.4 25.7 15.9 18.9 16.0 11.2 37.7 21.4 25.9 15.5 17.5 20.7 23.1 14.5 14.6 24.5 28.4 12.3 14.6 12.4 18.4 23.1 28.4 17.9 23.1 15.2 10.0 9.6 12.2 20.5 21.7 23.8 20.3 21.7 23.1 13.6 17.5 12.7 23.1 25.3 23.9 22.3 10.2 23.6 14.1 14.8 18.6 22.8 3.6

40.6% 24.3 37.1 30.2 36.7 34.6 34.8 37.3 59.2 34.6 35.9 47.3 30.2 36.2 31.6 26.8 31.6 37.0 40.1 31.8 35.2 33.3 30.0 36.3 39.5 33.9 44.8 32.9 32.6 32.1 40.4 30.5 41.6 36.0 50.1 34.7 41.7 35.8 39.2 20.9 41.1 35.5 33.6 34.6 33.4 23.5 38.8 35.7 41.5 33.2 19.5

20.4

36.1

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B10050 and B10051. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

C-8

Children’s Defense Fund

Percent responsible for five years or more

More than 1.7 million children have a parent in prison. About 45 percent of these children are Black.

Parents Who Are Incarcerated and Their Children More than 800,000 parents of minor children are in prison. About eight percent are mothers. Total, all races

White, nonHispanic

Black, nonHispanic

Hispanic

Fathers Mothers

744,200 65,600

223,700 31,700

319,400 18,300

160,100 11,100

Total

809,800

255,400

337,700

171,200

Black children are more than seven times as likely and Hispanic children are more than two and a half times as likely as White children to have a parent in prison. Number with a parent in prison

White, non-Hispanic children Black, non-Hispanic children Hispanic children Total, all children

484,100 767,400 362,800 1,706,600

Percent with a parent in prison

0.9% 6.7 2.4 2.3

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children (August 2008), Table 2 and Appendix Table 2. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund

State of America’s Children® 2011

C-9

Family Income

he gap between the rich and non-rich in our nation continues. Despite the recession and some income loss in 2007-2008, the top one percent of households received 21 percent of total income in 2008—among the highest percentages since the late 1920’s. The income share for the richest 10 percent of households in 2008 was 48.2 percent. In 2008 the bottom 90 percent of households saw the largest one-year drop in income since 1938 and had the lowest incomes they have seen in over a decade. Virtually all the income gains for this group during the last five years were wiped out by the recession. The median incomes of Black families with children were only 55 percent of those for White families and several thousand dollars lower than for Hispanic families. • The median income for female-headed households is less than a third of the median income of married-couple families. More than one in five of all children, one in two Black children and one in four Hispanic children live with their mother only. • In 2010 the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program benefited 3.4 million children, a 59 percent decrease from the number of children benefiting from TANF in 1996. • The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) lifts more children out of poverty than any other single program. Working families and individuals with adjusted gross incomes below $50,000 received $50.7 billion from EITC in the 2008 tax year. In addition, the Child Tax Credit helped 25 million working families, many of them low-income, recover more than $30 billion that year. • Collections were made in 57 percent of the 15 million child support cases; 79 pecent of child support cases in 2008 had court orders. • More than three million children and 150,000 students ages 18-19 received Social Security benefits from disabled, retired or deceased workers in 2009. • The unemployment rate for teens 16-19 in 2010 (25.9%) was more than two-anda-half times the national unemployment rate for all ages; the average unemployment rate for Black youth ages 16-19 that year was almost four-and-a-half times the national unemployment rate for all ages.

D-2

Children’s Defense Fund

While the bottom 90 percent of households lost all income gains from 2002 to 2008, the top 0.01 percent of households grew by nearly 70 percent in this time period.

Average Income Gains, Adjusted for Inflation, 2002–2008 Income loss during first year of recession 2007–2008

Income gain 2002–2007

Bottom 90 percent Top 1 percent Top 0.01 percent

1,250 541,140 20,072,720

4% 62 123

-2,420 -279,200 -9,045,980

-7% -20 -25

Change in income gain 2002–2008

-1,170 261,930 11,026,750

-4% 30 68

Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out” (October 21, 2010), Table 1. Based on Internal Revenuse Service data analyzed by Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, Table A6, available at http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2008.xls.

The income loss during the first year of the recession more than wiped out the income gains for the bottom 90 percent of households during the previous five years. The top one percent also took a hit, but the drop for the bottom 90 percent was the largest one-year drop for this group since 1938.

Distribution of Income Gains, 2002–2008 80

Bottom 90 percent

Percent change in income

61.8%

Top 1 percent

60 40

29.9%

20 3.9%

-40

-3.6%

-7.2%

-20

-19.7%

Income gain 2002–2007

Income loss during first year of recession 2007–2008

Change in income gain 2002–2008

Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out” (October 21, 2010), Figure 1. Based on Internal Revenuse Service data analyzed by Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, Table A6, available at http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2008.xls.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-3

Since the late 1970s the average income of the bottom 90 percent of households has essentially stagnated while the average income for the top one percent has soared.

Average Income Between 1945 and 2008 As a percent of the 1979 level

350

300

Percent

250

$1,137,684 (260% of the 1979 level)

200

Top 1 percent

150 Bottom 90 percent

100 $31,244 (97% of the 1979 level)

0 1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2008

Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out” (October 21, 2010), Figure 3. Based on Internal Revenuse Service data analyzed by Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, Table A6, available at http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2008.xls.

In 2008 the income share for the richest 10 percent of U.S. households was 48.23 percent, just slightly below its 2007 record high level.

The Income Share for the Richest 10 Percent of U.S. Households, 1917–2008 48.23%

Share of total income going toTop 10%

0 1917 1922 1927 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2008 — Income is defined as market income including capital gains. — In 2008, top 10 percent includes all families with annual income above $109,000. Source: Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 118, No. 1 (2003), data updated through 2008 at http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2008.xls.

D-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Black families with children have median incomes only 55 percent of those of White families. The median income of Hispanic families is slightly higher than that of Black families.

Median Income of Families with Children, 2009 $90,000 $79,110

80,000 70,000

$61,775

60,000

$57,287

50,000 $37,027

40,000

$33,915

30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Total, All Races

Asian

White

Hispanic*

Black

*Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FINC-03. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years Old-All Families by Total Money Income in 2009, Type of Family, Work Experience in 2009, Race and Hispanic Origin of Reference Person, at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032010/faminc/new03_000.htm.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-5

Female householders have lower median incomes than any other family type. The median income of Hispanic female householders and Hispanic married-couple families are the lowest compared to other races.

Median Income of Families with Children, by Family Type, 2009 Median income of all families with children

$100,000

Median income of married-couple families with children Median income of female householders/ husband absent families with children

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0 Total, All Races

Total, All Races Asian White Hispanic* Black

Asian

White

Hispanic*

All families with children

Married-couple families with children

$ 57,287 79,110 61,775 37,027 33,915

$ 76,649 90,365 77,611 46,388 63,623

Black

Female householders/ husband absent families with children

$ 25,172 40,409 26,500 22,033 22,158

D-6

Children’s Defense Fund

The median income of female householders is less than a third of the median income for married-couple familes and less than half of the median income for all families.

Median Income of Families with Children, by Family Type, 2009 All families Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Married-couples

Female householder, no husband present

Male householder, no wife present

$ 48,096 71,540 53,049 42,061 61,035 65,994 83,140 65,432 46,624 49,803 53,742 68,873 49,962 63,762 54,148 59,259 56,772 47,791 51,942 52,807 82,167 83,340 55,348 69,746 42,813 53,242 51,728 58,511 55,808 74,516 83,742 44,207 63,562 50,430 65,112 54,984 48,224 55,541 62,129 65,681 48,050 56,619 49,077 51,031 61,660 61,389 69,956 64,206 47,572 61,516 63,513

$ 68,752 86,695 69,164 60,167 79,044 83,486 106,536 89,443 121,179 67,936 74,302 84,162 60,989 82,684 71,768 75,311 73,094 67,211 76,575 70,041 106,732 105,499 74,730 85,422 63,971 72,588 67,511 72,663 70,639 90,990 106,732 63,016 88,480 70,933 76,887 74,873 64,820 71,636 80,979 90,970 69,741 70,176 67,500 69,419 69,357 76,484 90,403 81,830 60,948 78,353 74,870

$ 18,619 29,336 25,349 17,718 27,205 24,969 29,366 29,135 22,314 24,395 23,770 24,749 23,356 23,672 20,389 21,765 22,984 17,686 19,364 22,763 34,891 28,133 21,075 25,959 17,294 20,198 19,852 21,429 28,965 29,121 29,697 22,593 25,663 20,606 22,617 19,902 19,674 22,043 22,939 25,206 20,674 22,829 19,043 22,112 28,073 24,914 28,734 25,424 15,319 22,370 28,607

$ 34,418 39,673 36,902 28,452 37,742 40,610 49,629 41,001 34,203 31,505 35,821 43,290 33,685 36,550 29,455 33,697 35,271 28,511 36,224 30,117 42,873 41,323 31,251 36,623 27,550 32,237 25,584 32,251 37,847 41,682 41,688 32,499 37,434 27,791 38,621 31,645 31,834 31,246 34,709 39,422 29,747 30,627 28,351 33,569 40,547 38,593 41,431 37,503 30,596 35,353 44,861

58,314

77,474

23,313

34,676

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B19125 and B19126.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-7

In every state the 2009 TANF benefits were less than the 1970 real dollar amounts. In 35 states these benefits were less than half the 1970 real dollar amount

AFDC/TANF Benefits, July 1970–July 2009 Maximum monthly benefits for a three-person family July 1970

Actual dollars Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$ 65 328 138 89 186 193 283 160 195 114 107 226 211 232 120 201 222 147 88 135 162 268 219 256 56 104 202 171 121 262 302 149 279 145 213 161 152 184 265 229 85 264 112 148 175 267 225 258 114 184 213

Adjusted for inflation (July 2006)*

Actual dollars

$ 359 1,812 762 492 1,027 1,066 1,563 884 1,077 630 591 1,248 1,165 1,281 663 1,110 1,226 812 486 746 895 1,480 1,210 1,414 309 574 1,116 944 668 1,447 1,668 823 1,541 801 1,176 889 840 1,016 1,464 1,265 469 1,458 619 817 967 1,475 1,243 1,425 630 1,016 1,176

$ 215 923 278 204 694** 462 560 338 428 303 280 636 309 432 288 426 429 262 240 485 574 618** 492 532 170 292 504 364 383 675 424 447 721 272 477 434 292 514 403 554 270 539 185 249 498 640 320 562 340 673 546

July 2009 Percent change (compared to As percent inflation-adjusted of 2009 amount) poverty level -40.1% -49.0 -63.6 -58.5 -32.4 -56.7 -64.2 -61.8 -60.3 -51.9 -52.6 -49.0 -73.5 -66.3 -56.5 -61.6 -65.0 -67.7 -50.6 -35.0 -35.8 -58.2 -59.3 -62.4 -45.0 -49.2 -54.8 -61.5 -42.7 -53.4 -74.6 -45.7 -53.2 -66.0 -59.5 -51.2 -65.2 -49.4 -72.5 -56.2 -42.5 -63.0 -70.1 -69.5 -48.5 -56.6 -74.2 -60.6 -46.0 -33.8 -53.6

14.1% 48.4 18.2 13.4 45.5 30.3 36.7 22.2 28.1 19.9 18.4 36.2 20.3 28.3 18.9 27.9 28.1 17.2 15.7 31.8 37.6 40.5 32.2 34.9 11.1 19.1 33.0 23.9 25.1 44.2 27.8 29.3 47.3 17.8 31.3 28.4 19.1 33.7 26.4 36.3 17.7 35.3 12.1 16.3 32.6 41.9 21.0 36.8 22.3 44.1 35.8

*Adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The CPI-U for July 1970 was 39.0; for July 2009 it was 215.4 ** Nonexempt maximum monthly benefit for a three-person family. Sources: The Urban Insitute's Welfare Rules Database, available at http://anfdata.urban.org/wrd/WRDWelcome.cfm; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, at http://stats.bls.gov/cpi/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

D-8

Children’s Defense Fund

More than 3.4 million children receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)—a 58.8 percent reduction since August 1996 (when major changes were made in the federal welfare program).

TANF Recipients and Families, August 1996 and September 2010 Child recipients, August 1996

Percent Change in child recipients

Recipients, September 2010 Total

Adults

Children

56,687 9,489 42,443 19,359 1,457,333 30,028 33,531 15,841 19,450 106,342 37,345 29,456 2,772 69,483 88,722 55,451 40,352 63,232 24,590 39,876 60,905 97,967 175,511 53,960 25,149 94,771 9,344 21,644 27,530 13,407 82,462 55,841 387,206 45,655 4,975 242,698 21,213 83,535 130,523 15,382 46,042 6,907 161,806 119,261 16,434 7,560 84,173 172,578 23,945 58,960 644

14,789 2,956 11,949 5,568 332,204 7,768 9,981 5,964 5,678 21,273 3,597 9,654 212 9,650 23,208 17,873 13,156 13,744 3,795 13,967 16,956 32,545 49,405 13,403 6,789 30,024 2,774 4,780 7,256 3,893 24,712 16,036 106,377 7,247 1,213 68,236 4,082 26,876 33,805 4,802 11,729 1,074 44,920 17,544 4,611 2,336 24,657 53,873 6,774 13,875 109

41,898 6,533 30,494 13,791 1,125,129 22,260 23,550 9,877 13,772 85,069 33,748 19,802 2,560 59,833 65,514 37,578 27,196 49,488 20,795 25,909 43,949 65,422 126,106 40,557 18,360 64,747 6,570 16,864 20,274 9,514 57,750 39,805 280,829 38,408 3,762 174,462 17,131 56,659 96,718 10,580 34,313 5,833 116,886 101,717 11,823 5,224 59,516 118,705 17,171 45,085 535

76,403 22,913 115,924 40,752 1,779,004 66,101 106,457 16,002 48,332 377,821 237,656 44,316 15,240 448,589 101,191 57,154 45,309 119,202 156,267 34,058 134,880 145,800 338,976 115,404 92,546 157,149 19,349 27,460 25,407 15,104 188,641 64,559 748,895 184,274 8,962 379,941 68,688 53,810 361,012 38,024 85,685 11,767 177,401 460,781 26,415 15,227 108,231 174,142 58,067 107,380 8,249

-45.2 -71.5 -73.7 -66.2 -36. -66.3 -77.9 -38.3 -71.5 -77.5 -85.8 -55.3 -83.2 -86.7 -35.3 -34.3 -40.0 -58.5 -86.7 -23.9 -67.4 -55.1 -62.8 -64.9 -80.2 -58.8 -66.0 -38.6 -20.2 -37.0 -69.4 -38.3 -62.5 -79.2 -58.0 -54.1 -75.1 5.3 -73.2 -72.2 -60.0 -50.4 -34.1 -77.9 -55.2 -65.7 -45.0 -31.8 -70.4 -58.0 -93.5

United States

4,589,770

1,169,699

3,420,071

8,310,917

-58.8

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Caseload Data 1960–1999,at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/data-reports/caseload/afdc/1996/1996.xls. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-9

More than 1.9 million families receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). More than 40 percent of these are families in which only children receive assistance, most often children with disabilities or children being raised by relatives.

TANF Families,* September 2010 Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Two-parent families

Families, September 2010 One-parent families

Children-only families

23,052 3,507 18,774 8,469 590,121 11,707 16,848 5,508 8,547 57,742 20,133 9,934 1,820 24,337 36,006 21,548 15,554 30,875 10,849 15,380 25,110 49,836 67,241 24,574 11,895 39,262 3,686 8,702 10,612 6,175 34,516 21,223 154,936 23,705 1,995 105,140 9,387 31,751 53,274 6,618 19,347 3,291 62,714 51,931 6,647 3,256 37,448 70,207 10,496 24,746 318

147 375 688 207 59,479 782 — 22 — 1,430 — 2,170 — — 3,076 1,443 1,428 693 — 1,987 — 2,437 — — — — 364 — 1,143 162 — 1,454 2,497 270 — 8,354 — 2,768 755 549 — — 1,679 — — 364 — 6,859 — 582 3

14,407 2,136 10,306 5,166 278,109 6,253 9,859 2,735 6,375 16,819 3,493 5,902 175 9,664 23,231 14,691 9,941 12,235 3,720 10,907 17,051 30,030 49,341 13,699 6,684 30,346 1,934 4,878 4,876 3,548 24,894 12,712 92,916 6,705 1,460 50,403 4,082 19,266 30,724 3,803 11,959 1,074 48,511 17,227 3,901 1,600 25,641 39,840 5,657 11,961 103

8,498 996 7,780 3,096 252,533 4,672 6,989 2,751 2,172 39,493 16,640 1,862 1,645 14,673 9,699 5,414 4,185 17,947 7,129 2,486 8,059 17,369 17,900 10,875 5,211 8,916 1,388 3,824 4,593 2,465 9,622 7,057 59,523 16,730 535 46,383 5,305 9,717 21,795 2,266 7,388 2,217 12,524 34,704 2,746 1,292 11,807 23,508 4,839 12,203 212

1,910,750

104,167

1,022,950

783,633

* Includes families receiving TANF and Separate State Programs (SSP), which offer cash benefits. In 2010, 19 states had SSPs in addition to TANF. n/a – Data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, TANF Caseload Data 2010, Combined TANF and SSP-MOE as of 1/03/2011, at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/data-reports/caseload/caseload_current.htm#2010. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund. D-10

Children’s Defense Fund

In 2008, 24.8 million working families and individuals received almost $50.7 billion from the EITC and most of the funds went to low-wage workers with no or limited tax liability.

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 2008 Tax Year Federal EITC Total claims Number of filers Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Amount (in 1,000s)

State EITC

Refundable claims Number of filers

Amount (in 1,000s)

524,097 38,488 487,002 301,909 2,730,012 308,255 190,504 66,152 50,144 1,852,940 1,022,957 97,062 120,054 954,070 504,631 194,022 195,577 386,058 516,934 94,901 375,444 353,061 758,244 308,262 398,579 489,968 78,427 122,890 196,012 70,926 535,511 210,347 1,622,113 864,536 40,669 896,168 329,642 258,435 856,884 75,871 477,905 60,067 626,531 2,417,062 164,055 42,141 552,941 399,088 152,595 347,667 33,807

$ 1,236,759 61,815 1,001,197 655,575 5,481,142 563,786 345,990 128,227 94,078 3,825,237 2,339,271 172,619 232,570 1,979,163 998,418 358,193 372,693 768,208 1,223,396 166,539 722,374 622,413 1,526,648 548,208 963,186 980,059 141,891 233,344 373,849 119,381 1,049,299 426,626 3,241,226 1,818,663 73,092 1,780,167 673,746 463,283 1,611,545 148,347 1,025,672 112,124 1,307,355 5,517,268 320,501 68,657 1,076,990 725,169 287,082 642,777 59,426

478,281 32,757 433,721 271,092 2,314,509 263,238 162,381 58,790 44,695 1,614,367 925,921 82,550 104,535 837,529 448,773 167,035 171,924 342,384 470,275 78,621 328,163 296,905 666,445 262,739 366,410 432,596 66,838 106,768 172,610 58,471 461,231 187,765 1,368,800 772,589 34,942 792,663 291,877 221,344 746,502 66,186 432,506 51,970 554,160 2,160,082 145,676 33,886 485,351 343,035 135,403 300,646 29,079

$ 1,109,510 54,836 892,496 589,003 4,594,443 491,031 302,506 116,002 84,253 3,268,128 2,067,796 153,488 203,171 1,711,288 896,144 318,183 335,383 681,820 1,099,191 140,608 627,105 540,287 1,325,337 477,715 875,405 877,043 123,711 208,219 333,770 101,239 898,900 385,088 2,683,133 1,627,257 65,201 1,586,156 598,101 404,503 1,434,105 129,137 928,997 100,685 1,146,184 4,781,310 283,680 57,060 956,223 638,035 260,495 569,437 52,907

24,751,617

50,665,244

21,677,016

44,185,705

Does state have its own EITC?

Is it refundable?

Yes Yes

No Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes

Yes

Note: Total claims include refundable and non-refundable claims. If the EITC is greater than the total income tax due then the person receives the excess amount, which is considered the “refundable” claim. When the amount of the EITC is less than the total income tax due then the claim is considered “non-refundable” because the EITC only helped lower the total income tax. Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Historical Table 2, SOI Bulletin, at http://www.irs.gov/taxstats/article/0,,id=171535,00.html; and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Policy Basics: State Earned Income Tax Credits: 2008 Legislative Update. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-11

More than 25 million families received over $30 billion in child tax credits in 2008.

Child Tax Credit, 2008 Number of filers Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Amount claimed (in $1,000s)

401,018 72,164 533,926 234,056 2,988,934 418,696 275,003 75,550 32,388 1,350,099 809,298 110,405 134,731 1,068,928 574,151 262,245 255,171 349,600 391,503 99,737 468,777 476,173 770,895 447,269 260,697 485,573 73,262 161,486 250,323 109,612 691,702 172,002 1,348,991 788,267 54,419 968,276 311,689 281,884 989,560 81,051 387,001 68,084 513,549 2,238,641 271,497 48,359 644,522 559,830 135,107 486,508 51,048

$ 454,900 93,873 633,759 268,893 3,428,903 529,173 343,053 91,875 31,519 1,481,341 899,109 139,035 176,934 1,323,797 738,744 359,321 336,412 428,545 449,144 125,223 552,361 604,929 1,003,049 605,709 279,948 609,634 95,052 221,298 297,411 144,224 825,140 202,318 1,596,402 893,455 75,922 1,240,801 383,460 348,532 1,265,053 98,313 427,769 93,265 595,237 2,635,754 392,206 62,247 780,788 706,540 171,660 649,393 71,827

25,033,657

30,263,250

Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Historical Table 2, SOI Bulletin, at http://www.irs.gov/taxstats/article/0,,id=171535,00.html. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

D-12

Children’s Defense Fund

Seventy nine percent of child support cases in 2008 had court orders but collections were made in only 57 percent

Child Support Enforcement, 2008 Caseload Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Cases with court order

225,438 44,554 212,623 121,761 1,628,936 140,356 194,222 67,869 63,203 792,233 398,965 94,002 120,621 505,630 349,497 189,205 126,968 325,478 281,492 68,015 255,866 269,665 934,493 247,950 320,397 356,970 38,403 105,269 116,607 35,547 347,646 67,105 892,672 421,217 41,104 978,416 186,918 226,648 481,677 56,843 226,380 44,184 420,617 1,099,311 75,295 22,021 344,126 346,225 117,615 355,294 34,885

186,563 41,538 162,755 102,136 1,305,281 122,810 139,286 45,767 34,633 584,953 333,079 59,586 96,494 390,705 251,856 162,556 100,294 272,514 217,081 60,268 205,015 208,153 755,004 209,097 177,438 301,996 32,006 86,292 79,661 30,086 293,598 38,106 731,922 342,387 32,172 739,995 132,269 165,501 428,334 35,436 139,903 31,452 272,641 917,867 66,707 19,279 293,474 311,422 101,047 296,205 29,294

15,418,434

12,173,914

Percent with court order 82.8% 93.2 76.5 83.9 80.1 87.5 71.7 67.4 54.8 73.8 83.5 63.4 80.0 77.3 72.1 85.9 79.0 83.7 77.1 88.6 80.1 77.2 80.8 84.3 55.4 84.6 83.3 82.0 68.3 84.6 84.5 56.8 82.0 81.3 78.3 75.6 70.8 73.0 88.9 62.3 61.8 71.2 64.8 83.5 88.6 87.5 85.3 89.9 85.9 83.4 84.0 79.0

Cases with collections 132,367 32,124 112,037 82,749 750,453 108,483 95,788 28,827 20,707 454,392 226,806 29,478 58,331 258,841 189,151 147,659 77,476 170,541 134,406 40,737 154,636 130,305 440,749 163,840 129,492 214,091 27,359 68,666 56,178 26,262 238,097 31,092 479,315 280,832 25,384 565,185 104,766 118,292 403,413 22,157 102,518 26,840 198,928 744,623 62,449 16,313 224,507 260,843 69,923 228,749 25,114 8,792,271

Percent with collections 58.7% 72.1 52.7 68.0 46.1 77.3 49.3 42.5 32.8 57.4 56.8 31.4 48.4 51.2 54.1 78.0 61.0 52.4 47.7 59.9 60.4 48.3 47.2 66.1 40.4 60.0 71.2 65.2 48.2 73.9 68.5 46.3 53.7 66.7 61.8 57.8 56.0 52.2 83.8 39.0 45.3 60.7 47.3 67.7 82.9 74.1 65.2 75.3 59.5 64.4 72.0 57.0

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement, FY 2008 Annual Report to Congress, Tables 49, 55 and 61, at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cse/pubs/2011/reports/fy2008_annual_report/#iii. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-13

The Supplemental Security Income Program helped more than one million children with disabilities in December 2009.

Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), December 2009 Number Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Average monthly payment

29,956 1,264 19,943 25,203 109,409 8,120 7,603 3,567 4,485 88,993 39,211 1,697 5,085 45,232 24,832 7,903 8,335 30,326 34,238 3,867 16,435 21,880 40,840 12,620 23,867 21,796 2,436 4,010 7,232 2,274 24,351 8,917 80,169 41,328 1,084 47,459 17,094 9,403 67,969 4,361 20,100 2,328 24,782 120,467 5,093 1,805 23,542 16,719 9,277 19,681 903

$ 589.71 531.68 591.14 592.56 654.35 561.06 579.60 571.68 587.65 581.83 581.79 562.18 566.41 595.41 586.74 565.97 567.17 595.74 595.65 563.85 571.36 621.74 598.00 569.87 592.11 588.39 580.55 560.42 579.16 552.58 585.71 591.21 612.24 572.20 535.62 596.32 582.84 578.42 585.02 626.80 576.03 553.59 583.24 579.83 543.64 623.58 569.44 579.83 586.24 583.71 559.79

1,199,491

581.21

Source: SSI Annual Statistical Report, 2009 (September 2010), Table 17, at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_asr/2009. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

D-14

Children’s Defense Fund

More than three million children of disabled, deceased or retired workers receive Social Security benefits.

Children Receiving Social Security Benefits, December 2009

Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Children under age 18 Children of: Disabled Deceased workers workers

Retired workers

Total

Students ages 18–19 Children of: Disabled Deceased workers workers

Retired workers

77,430 7,258 60,006 48,427 275,723 36,439 30,437 9,566 4,883 183,603 103,662 11,398 15,583 114,205 71,071 25,476 27,071 65,773 64,448 17,384 49,499 64,846 115,523 40,497 52,691 72,059 9,877 15,153 22,895 15,598 75,891 23,891 183,958 105,221 5,008 110,923 45,718 30,953 133,367 10,982 58,273 6,956 82,233 239,687 23,178 6,985 75,463 52,042 28,614 51,415 4,875

43,522 2,425 28,125 28,500 120,910 15,976 15,553 4,912 1,618 84,479 48,045 4,444 8,018 54,176 37,026 12,922 13,489 40,634 31,768 11,736 20,456 41,024 62,716 22,074 28,072 38,651 4,356 7,678 9,795 10,389 37,430 10,851 104,024 55,773 2,351 56,254 22,413 14,421 74,397 6,836 30,011 3,100 42,832 112,016 9,666 4,323 38,965 25,819 17,693 28,530 1,955

28,024 3,740 25,966 16,646 117,281 16,878 11,686 3,929 2,669 76,191 46,183 4,599 6,203 48,286 29,013 10,697 11,545 21,516 28,027 4,559 24,356 19,134 42,700 15,732 20,343 28,539 4,441 6,381 10,249 4,348 30,175 10,875 59,056 41,372 2,294 46,166 19,714 12,636 49,002 3,282 23,464 3,331 33,289 106,268 11,497 1,984 30,028 20,787 9,085 19,275 2,519

5,884 1,093 5,915 3,281 37,532 3,585 3,198 725 596 22,933 9,434 2,355 1,362 11,743 5,032 1,857 2,037 3,623 4,653 1,089 4,687 4,688 10,107 2,691 4,276 4,869 1,080 1,094 2,851 861 8,286 2,165 20,878 8,076 363 8,503 3,591 3,896 9,968 864 4,798 525 6,112 21,403 2,015 678 6,470 5,436 1,836 3,610 401

4,366 331 2,756 2,364 9,012 1,875 1,073 526 170 9,793 6,052 177 696 6,178 5,041 1,417 1,357 3,073 3,261 754 1,476 2,746 5,570 2,353 3,140 4,522 563 766 844 677 3,322 1,016 6,216 5,342 315 7,066 2,811 1,548 7,102 330 3,366 468 4,335 11,494 807 297 3,639 2,836 1,468 2,821 238

1,977 81 961 1,159 2,857 648 397 214 43 3,319 2,234 53 264 2,254 2,143 572 539 1,595 1,253 418 385 1,362 2,297 969 1,353 1,978 204 281 274 354 1,221 358 2,571 2,272 119 2,816 1,085 527 3,019 155 1,427 163 1,799 4,112 247 137 1,443 1,065 751 1,213 77

1,947 188 1,407 958 4,489 989 525 259 103 4,925 3,094 76 347 3,060 2,399 689 658 1,230 1,667 255 885 1,048 2,605 1,096 1,495 2,093 283 398 445 268 1,627 530 2,682 2,515 157 3,415 1,447 769 3,256 122 1,585 259 2,118 5,950 444 107 1,739 1,350 568 1,278 129

442 62 388 247 1,666 238 151 53 24 1,549 724 48 85 864 499 156 160 248 341 81 206 336 668 288 292 451 76 87 125 55 474 128 963 555 39 835 279 252 827 53 354 46 418 1,432 116 53 457 421 149 330 32

3,064,114

1,553,149

1,225,960

285,005

149,766

59,015

71,928

18,823

Source: Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2010 (February 2011), Table 5.J10, at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-15

In every state and the District of Columbia, the monthly Fair Market Rent for a two-bedroom apartment is more than 40 percent of the state’s minimum wage. In 18 states and District of Columbia the rent is far beyond affordability at more than half of the state minimum wage.

Rental Housing Affordability Fair Market Rent vs. Minimum Wage, 2011 Monthly Fair Market Rent (FMR) two-bedroom apt.* Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

$ 536 977 812 536 703 692 951 812 1,461 596 542 1,702 624 579 596 555 576 571 602 674 603 806 608 604 605 541 635 558 875 999 949 580 716 596 593 596 564 712 587 977 567 556 554 595 677 1,197 588 655 526 596 645

Minimum wage** Hourly Monthly $ 7.25 7.75 7.35 6.25 8.00 7.36 8.25 7.25 8.25 7.25 5.15 7.25 7.25 8.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.50 7.25 8.00 7.40 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.35 7.25 7.55 7.25 7.25 7.50 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.40 7.25 8.50 7.25 7.40 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 8.15 7.25 8.67 7.25 7.25 5.15

$ 1,257 1,343 1,274 1,083 1,387 1,276 1,430 1,257 1,430 1,257 893 1,257 1,257 1,430 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,300 1,257 1,387 1,283 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,274 1,257 1,309 1,257 1,257 1,300 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,283 1,257 1,473 1,257 1,283 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,257 1,413 1,257 1,503 1,257 1,257 893

7.25

1,257

FMR as percent of minimum wage 42.7% 72.7 63.7 49.5 50.7 54.2 66.5 64.6 102.2 47.4 60.7 135.4 49.7 40.5 47.4 44.2 45.8 45.4 47.9 51.8 48.0 58.1 47.4 48.1 48.1 43.1 49.8 44.4 66.9 79.5 75.5 44.6 57.0 47.4 47.2 46.5 44.9 48.3 46.7 76.2 45.1 44.2 44.1 47.3 53.9 84.7 46.8 43.6 41.9 47.4 72.3

*Rent for a two-bedroom apartment in the lowest cost metropolitan area in the state. **In all but 20 states and the District of Columbia, the state minimum wage is the same as the federal minimum wage. Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research, Final FY 2011 Fair Market Rent Documentation System, at http://www.huduser.org/portal/datasets/fmr/fmrs/docsys.html&data=fmr11; and U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Age and Hour Division, “Minimum Wage Laws in the States – January 1, 2011,” at http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

D-16

Children’s Defense Fund

In 2010, four out of 10 Black teens and three out of 10 Hispanic teens were unemployed.

Youth Employment and Unemployment, 2010 Teens Ages 16–19 All races

White Hispanic*

43.0%

Black

37.7%

Asian

34.9%

32.2%

30.9% 29.0%

Percent

30 25.9%

25.5%

25.9%

24.8% 23.2%

22.0%

21.0%

20 16.6% 14.5%

0 In the labor force (percent of population)

Unemployed (percent of labor force)

Employed (percent of population)

*Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Note: The labor force is the number of people who are either working (employed) or people who are jobless, looking for jobs and available to work (unemployed). Persons, such as students, who are not employed and not looking for work are not in the labor force. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Household Data: Annual Averages, at , Tables 3 and 4.

Unemployment Rates, 2010 Annual Averages Total, all ages

Ages 16–19

Ages 20–24

Total All races White Black Asian Hispanic

9.6% 8.7 16.0 7.5 12.5

25.9% 23.2 43.0 24.8 32.2

15.5 13.5 26.0 12.3 17.4

All races White Black Asian Hispanic

10.5 9.6 18.4 7.8 12.7

28.8 26.3 45.4 25.8 34.6

17.8 15.7 29.8 14.2 18.2

Females All races White Black Asian Hispanic

8.6 7.7 13.8 7.1 12.3

22.8 20.0 40.5 23.7 29.1

13.0 11.0 22.6 10.2 16.2

Males

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Household Data: Annual Averages, at , Tables 3 and 4.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-17

One in four teens ages 16–19 were unemployed in 2010. The unemployment rate for young adults ages 20–24 increased slightly to 15 percent in 2010.

Employment and Unemployment Among Teens and Young Adults, 2008 and 2010 Labor Force Participation Rate 1 Ages 16–19 Ages 20–24 2009 2010 2009 2010

Unemployment Rate 2 Ages 16–19 Ages 20–24 2009 2010 2009 2010

38.0% 42.8 33.0 36.7 31.1 43.5 40.6 39.0 25.8 33.0 30.1 34.1 43.9 37.1 33.0 58.1 50.0 42.5 32.9 51.5 38.3 38.3 40.4 53.6 26.8 50.2 42.2 55.2 36.0 46.0 29.7 31.7 29.7 36.0 51.5 47.6 38.8 41.2 44.4 47.8 34.0 55.3 36.0 35.6 50.7 45.9 35.9 43.0 33.9 54.5 52.7

31.4% 42.7 30.9 36.3 28.1 36.3 40.4 32.4 22.2 29.3 25.0 29.3 45.9 35.6 32.0 52.9 48.7 41.8 31.2 49.1 37.6 36.6 40.8 51.3 31.2 43.1 39.2 49.4 36.3 43.3 29.7 28.8 28.4 29.4 51.7 43.2 37.9 41.1 40.7 45.3 32.5 49.9 34.2 32.9 45.7 48.6 36.8 40.5 31.9 49.4 49.5

72.6% 75.2 73.5 80.1 70.1 77.9 74.9 74.7 70.7 72.7 66.2 70.7 80.3 71.5 72.6 82.7 80.7 76.9 69.2 76.6 72.2 73.0 73.5 81.5 65.9 75.8 75.6 81.7 76.7 74.4 72.7 65.5 67.4 74.5 82.5 77.3 74.8 76.5 74.3 76.9 73.6 75.0 70.7 69.3 77.4 79.7 77.8 76.7 72.0 82.1 81.1

70.2% 73.7 73.2 71.1 67.5 76.9 71.2 70.9 67.2 69.8 67.9 72.1 73.0 70.1 70.2 82.2 75.5 72.0 70.2 76.0 73.5 68.0 73.7 80.4 67.9 73.5 77.5 81.4 75.4 75.9 66.7 66.3 66.2 73.9 81.5 76.1 72.6 76.3 70.6 79.2 68.0 76.1 72.0 70.4 79.8 76.9 75.5 74.6 67.0 81.1 76.3

27.9% 14.7 31.1 29.6 32.8 24.7 18.8 25.0 49.1 24.0 29.0 23.2 20.2 25.8 21.3 16.4 18.8 24.0 19.6 25.7 22.5 16.2 26.5 21.1 30.3 23.0 18.7 9.9 31.5 18.5 21.6 20.0 26.7 25.7 12.3 21.5 18.9 31.2 20.6 30.8 30.3 10.0 28.5 20.8 16.3 15.8 22.9 30.5 22.8 18.7 16.8

30.9% 18.9 31.5 28.2 34.4 25.3 21.9 23.1 49.8 31.4 36.3 26.5 26.7 27.5 27.7 16.4 18.4 25.4 23.8 21.8 23.0 21.4 28.3 21.1 33.2 22.5 25.0 13.1 32.8 18.0 20.9 28.7 25.1 27.0 12.5 23.6 22.0 28.8 18.9 25.9 32.2 13.7 26.2 22.3 20.5 14.2 23.3 34.1 27.0 19.2 20.1

20.2% 11.2 15.6 10.2 16.9 11.0 13.3 12.3 16.9 16.1 16.6 12.3 18.3 16.3 19.9 10.7 10.4 17.7 15.5 15.0 12.4 13.5 16.7 12.6 15.2 16.0 11.9 7.7 15.6 9.4 12.7 11.8 14.8 18.3 6.5 16.0 9.1 16.8 12.1 15.2 16.9 9.3 18.7 12.0 13.3 12.2 10.2 13.7 14.7 12.7 10.8

20.9% 11.8 17.5 12.4 19.0 13.4 16.3 15.9 16.5 18.2 18.4 11.0 14.9 13.2 19.1 9.2 13.1 18.5 16.7 15.0 12.6 13.6 13.7 9.5 17.7 16.7 13.3 7.6 19.6 9.0 14.0 11.7 13.8 18.4 6.9 18.9 10.7 14.4 16.8 15.8 20.6 11.0 15.6 12.0 12.3 11.4 12.5 17.3 19.2 15.0 12.5

United States

37.5

34.9

72.9

71.4

24.3

25.9

14.7

15.5

1 Percent

of the age group that is employed. of the labor force in the age group that is unemployed, that is, looking for a job. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and detailed age, 2009 annual averages, preliminary, at http://stats.bls.gov/lau/ptable14full2009.pdf; and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and detailed age, 2010 annual averages, preliminary, at http://stats.bls.gov/lau/ptable14full2010.pdf. 2 Percent

D-18

Children’s Defense Fund

The percent of teens without jobs in July 2010 was higher than at any time in the past five decades.

Youth Unemployment and Joblessness, 1959–2010 Youth Jobless Rate for July 2

Total Unemployment Rates 1 All Ages 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1 Percent

5.5% 5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.5 6.7 7.4 6.8 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.8 9.3 9.6

Ages 16–19

Ages 20–24

Ages 16–19

14.6% 14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2 14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2 15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0 19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1 17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9 18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0 15.5 18.6 20.0 19.0 17.6 17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9 13.1 14.7 16.5 17.5 17.0 16.6 15.4 15.7 18.7 24.3 25.9

8.5% 8.7 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.3 6.7 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.7 8.2 10.0 9.3 7.8 9.1 13.6 12.0 11.0 9.6 9.1 11.5 12.3 14.9 14.5 11.5 11.1 10.7 9.7 8.7 8.6 8.8 10.8 11.3 10.5 9.7 9.1 9.3 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.1 8.3 9.7 10.0 9.4 8.8 8.2 8.2 10.2 14.7 15.5

49.2% 47.4 49.5 48.0 51.9 50.8 47.9 44.0 44.1 44.7 43.4 45.5 46.4 44.8 42.7 43.0 45.4 43.4 42.4 39.9 40.1 42.2 44.3 47.9 46.5 43.3 43.4 43.3 42.7 40.4 40.4 43.6 47.7 48.0 46.7 46.0 45.2 46.0 47.0 45.3 45.5 46.5 48.5 52.3 56.3 56.1 55.7 55.1 57.7 60.8 65.0 68.7

of the labor force unemployed

2 This

rate is derived from substracting the employment-population radio from 100. The employment-population ratio (not seasonally adjusted), which is the percent of the youth population ages 16-19 without a job.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-19

After a 25 percent decrease in the number of homeless children and youth in public schools between the 2005 and 2006 school years, the number has increased in most states and increased 41 percent nationally between the 2006–2007 and 2008–2009 school years.

Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in Public Schools

2006–2007

2007–2008

2008–2009

Percent change between 2006–2007 and 2008–2009

10,907 3,216 19,628 7,080 178,014 11,978 1,980 1,842 824 30,554 14,017 1,132 1,875 19,821 8,249 2,886 3,569 18,337 34,102 1,055 8,456 11,863 24,066 6,008 12,856 13,620 2,202 1,633 5,374 1,983 4,279 4,383 44,018 12,659 1,209 13,578 8,284 15,517 12,935 667 6,033 1,038 6,567 33,896 9,991 764 9,898 16,853 2,984 8,103 675

11,687 2,963 21,380 5,917 224,249 12,302 2,017 1,982 1,005 33,993 15,700 925 2,125 26,238 8,480 5,918 4,890 17,735 29,234 1,379 8,813 12,449 18,435 8,163 9,926 11,977 887 1,530 6,647 2,087 6,033 6,152 71,218 16,937 686 14,483 9,179 15,839 11,756 746 7,413 1,430 8,031 53,242 11,270 789 11,776 18,670 2,909 9,331 732

12,859 3,401 25,336 6,344 288,233 15,834 2,387 2,598 950 40,967 24,079 1,739 2,710 26,688 10,364 6,824 6,700 22,626 25,362 1,300 10,676 12,269 18,706 7,590 8,525 14,350 1,308 1,752 8,670 2,130 7,890 8,380 76,117 18,693 1,149 16,059 12,139 18,051 12,438 1,099 8,738 1,794 9,836 80,940 14,016 662 12,768 20,780 4,257 10,955 724

17.9% 5.8 29.1 -10.4 61.9 32.2 20.6 41.0 15.3 34.1 71.8 53.6 44.5 34.6 25.6 136.5 87.7 23.4 -25.6 23.2 26.3 3.4 -22.3 26.3 -33.7 5.4 -40.6 7.3 61.3 7.4 84.4 91.2 72.9 47.7 -5.0 18.3 46.5 16.3 -3.8 64.8 44.8 72.8 49.8 138.8 40.3 -13.4 29.0 23.3 42.7 35.2 7.3

United States

673,458

789,655

950,762

41.2

Sources: National Center for Homeless Education, Education for Homeless Children and Youths Program: Data Collection Summary, Analysis of Data (June 2010), Table 3. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

D-20

Children’s Defense Fund

The number of homeless preschool-age children increased by 43 percent in the past two school years.

Homeless Preschool Children,* 2006–2009

33,433 (43.0% increase from 2006–2007)

40,000

27,784 (18.8% increase)

30,000 Number

23,385 20,000

10,000

0 2007–2008

2006–2007

2008–2009

* Ages 3-5 not kindergarten. Sources: National Center for Homeless Education, Education for Homeless Children and Youths Program: Data Collection Summary, Analysis of Data (June 2010), Table 5. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

A growing number of Limited English Proficiency and unaccompanied youth enrolled in school are becoming homeless. The number of homeless students who are LEP, children with disablities and unaccompanied youth is growing.

Subpopulations of Homeless Students* Number of enrolled children 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009

Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Children with Disabilities (IDEA) Migratory Children/Youth Unaccompanied Youth**

47,881 51,924 8,862 31,290

62,361 66,306 7,754 43,172

80,525 72,984 8,204 52,950

Percent change between 2006–2007 and 2008–2009

68.2% 40.6 -7.4 69.2

* Served in local education agencies (LEAs) with McKinney-Vento subgrants ** Youth who are not in the physical custody of a parent or guadian. Sources: National Center for Homeless Education, Education for Homeless Children and Youths Program: Data Collection Summary, Analysis of Data (June 2010), Table 9. Calculations by Childre’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

D-21

Two-thirds of homeless children and youth enrolled in school are living doubled up, meaning they are living with another family, and just under a third are living in shelters. The number of homeless students who are unsheltered has declined but is still far too high.

Primary Nighttime Residence for Homeless Children and Youth Enrolled in Public Schools Number of homeless children and youths 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009

Shelters Doubled Up Unsheltered Hotels/Motels Total

161,640 420,995 54,422 51,117 688,174

164,982 502,082 50,445 56,323 773,832

Percent change between 2006–2007 and 2008–2009

211,152 606,764 39,678 57,579 915,173

Primary Nighttime Residence, 2008–2009 Unsheltered 4.8% Hotels/motels 6.8%

Shelters 28.1%

Doubled Up 66.3%

Sources: National Center for Homeless Education, Education for Homeless Children and Youths Program: Data Collection Summary, Analysis of Data (June 2010), Table 7. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

D-22

Children’s Defense Fund

30.6 44.1 -27.1 12.6 33.0

Child Health

ithout a healthy start in life, a child can fall behind developmentally and have trouble catching up, physically, emotionally, socially and academically. Unmet health and mental health needs greatly increase the likelihood of a child entering the cradle to prison pipeline. The lack of access to health care often is a result of the lack of health coverage. While Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provide health coverage to more than 36 million children each year, still more than 8 million children – one in 10 – remain uninsured. Two-thirds of these uninsured children are eligible for coverage in Medicaid or CHIP but are not enrolled largely due to state-imposed barriers that differ across states. Children of color are disproportionately uninsured and as a result suffer more from preventable and treatable health conditions from birth through adulthood. • One in five American Indian children, one in six Hispanic children and one in eight Black children are uninsured compared to one in 14 White children. • Black and Hispanic children, poor children and uninsured children are more likely than White, higher income and insured children to be in poor health. Black and Hispanic children are almost three times as likely to be in poor or only fair health as White children, and are more likely to have an unmet medical need due to cost than White children. • The United States has the second-highest infant mortality rate among 32 industrialized nations, and its low birthweight rate is tied for 22nd among those same 32 nations. Infants born to Black mothers are almost twice as likely to be born at low birthweight as infants born to White mothers, and more than twice as likely to die before their first birthday. The rate of babies born at low birthweight has increased by 22 percent since 1984. After four decades of decline, infant mortality rates increased in 2002 and again in 2005 and 2007. • Overall, children from different races and ethnicities have very similar immunization rates. However, income matters: poor Black children are less likely to be fully immunized than higher-income Black children. • Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) work for children. The challenge is getting all children who are eligible enrolled. Currently these programs insure one in three children in the U.S. who would otherwise likely go uninsured. Although still too high, the number of uninsured children in America is the lowest it has been in 20 years.

E-2

Children’s Defense Fund

More than half of all uninsured children are Hispanic or Black. Overall, however, the largest number of uninsured children are White.

Uninsured Children, 2009 Of the 8.3 million uninsured children*: Percent of the uninsured

Uninsured number***

Upper limit, annual income for family of 4

Race/Ethnicity** White Hispanic Black Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other (multi-racial) Total

38.5 37.8 16.2 4.5 1.3 1.6 100.0

3.2 million 3.1 million 1.3 million 375,000 110,000 134,000 8.3 million

Age Birth through age 5 Age 6 through age 12 Age 13 through age 18 Total

28.4 33.5 38.1 100.0

2.4 million 2.8 million 3.2 million 8.3 million

Income 100% poverty & below Over 100% through 200% Over 200% through 300% Over 300% through 400% Over 400% Total

31.8 32.0 17.4 8.4 10.4 100.0

2.6 million 2.6 million 1.4 million 694,000 863,000 8.3 million

$22,350 $44,700 $67,050 $89,400

43.6 63.8 81.2

3.6 million 5.3 million 6.7 million

$29,726 $44,700 $67,050

Any earned income Income from work No income from work Total

84.8 15.2 100.0

7.0 million 1.3 million 8.3 million

Citizenship Child is a U.S. citizen Child is not a U.S. citizen Total

90.0 10.0 100.0

7.5 million 826,000 8.3 million

Selected income groups: 133% and below 200% and below 300% and below

* Children are ages birth through 18 ** Hispanic children are in a separate category and are not included in the other racial categories *** Numbers sometimes will not add to total because of rounding SOURCES: U.S. Census Bureau: 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey; and Income for Federal Poverty Levels: 2011 Poverty Guidelines for 48 Continguous States and the District of Columbia. Federal Register, January 20, 2011: Vol 76(13), pp. 3637-3638. Calculations by the Children's Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-3

Hispanic and American Indian children are more than twice as likely as White children to be uninsured. Children in families below 200 percent of the poverty level are more likely to be uninsured than families above that level.

Odds of Being Uninsured: Children’s Coverage in 2009 One out of every 10 children in the United States is uninsured. Percent who are uninsured

One out of every:

Number who are uninsured

All Children

10.4

8.3 million

Race/Ethnicity White Hispanic Black Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other (multi-racial)

7.3 17.5 11.9 10.6 18.3 5.8

14 6 8 9 5 17

3.2 million 3.1 million 1.3 million 375,000 110,000 134,000

Age Birth through age 5 Age 6 through age 12 Age 13 through age 18

9.2 9.7 12.5

11 10 8

2.4 million 2.8 million 3.2 million

Income 100% poverty & below Over 100% through 200% Over 200% through 300% Over 300% through 400% Over 400%

15.8 15.7 10.3 7.0 4.0

6 6 10 14 25

2.6 million 2.6 million 1.4 million 694,000 863,000

133% and below

16.1

Any family income from work No income in family from work

9.9 15.7

10 6

7.0 million 1.3 million

Citizenship Child is a U.S. citizen Child is not a U.S. citizen

9.7 33.6

10 3

7.5 million 826,000

Note: Children are ages birth through 18 * Hispanic children are in a separate category and are not included in the other racial categories ** Numbers sometimes will not add to total because of rounding SOURCES: U.S. Census Bureau: 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey; and Income for Federal Poverty Levels: 2011 Poverty Guidelines for 48 Continguous States and the District of Columbia. Federal Register, January 20, 2011: Vol 76(13), pp. 3637-3638. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund.

E-4

Children’s Defense Fund

One in five American Indian children, one in six Hispanic children and one in eight Black children are uninsured compared to one in 14 White children.

Percentage of Children Who Are Uninsured, 2009 Children Under Age 19 20 18.3% 17.5%

Percent uninsured

11.9% 10.6%

10.4% 10

7.3%

Total, All Races

American Indian

Hispanic

Black

Asian/Pacific Islander

White

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

Texas and California have more than one million uninsured children each.

Ten States Where the Majority of Uninsured Children Live

Texas California Florida New York Georgia North Carolina North Carolina Illinois New Jersey Ohio

Number uninsured

Percent uninsured

1,392,000 1,119,000 786,000 382,000 316,000 277,000 277,000 259,000 244,000 227,000

19.2% 11.2 18.3 8.1 11.6 11.5 11.5 7.7 11.3 7.9

Ten States With the Largest Percentages of Uninsured Children

Texas Florida Nevada New Mexico Arizona South Carolina Mississippi Alaska Colorado Montana

Percent uninsured

Number uninsured

19.2% 18.3 15.9 15.5 14.8 13.6 12.8 12.2 12.0 11.8

1,392,000 786,000 113,000 84,000 269,000 156,000 104,000 24,000 155,000 28,000

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-5

A child in Texas is six times as likely to be uninsured as a child in Massachusetts. The odds of Texas children being uninsured are double those in 32 other states.

Uninsured Children in the States, 2007–2009 Estimated number Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District Of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

81,000 24,000 269,000 71,000 1,119,000 155,000 57,000 20,000 9,000 786,000 316,000 14,000 46,000 259,000 116,000 41,000 68,000 101,000 131,000 15,000 118,000 49,000 147,000 81,000 104,000 138,000 28,000 43,000 113,000 15,000 244,000 84,000 382,000 277,000 12,000 227,000 111,000 107,000 222,000 20,000 156,000 20,000 140,000 1,392,000 101,000 9,000 169,000 108,000 23,000 77,000 13,000

United States (2009)*

8.3 million

Percent 6.8% 12.2 14.8 9.5 11.2 12.0 6.6 9.0 7.3 18.3 11.6 4.7 10.3 7.7 6.9 5.4 9.2 9.4 11.0 5.2 8.2 3.2 5.9 6.1 12.8 9.1 11.8 9.1 15.9 4.7 11.3 15.5 8.1 11.5 7.6 7.9 11.4 11.6 7.5 8.0 13.6 9.3 8.9 19.2 11.0 6.5 8.6 6.5 5.6 5.5 9.3 10.4

Children are defined as ages birth to 18. * The percentage and number of uninsured children in the United States are from the most recent year of data and represent coverage in 2009. NOTES: The estimated percentage of uninsured children in each state is an average of the percentage of uninsured children in that state over three years. Three-year averages are used because of small sample sizes in some states. The average percentage of uninsured children in this table is based on the 2008, 2009 and 2010 ASEC surveys. The estimated number of uninsured children in each state is calculated by applying that average percentage to the most recent Census estimate of children younger than 19 in the state. SOURCES: U.S. Census Bureau 2008, 2009, 2010 Annual Social & Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS); Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Single-Year of Age and Sex for the United States and States, April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009, http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ files/SC-EST2009-AGESEX-RES.csv

E-6

Children’s Defense Fund

Black and Hispanic children are almost three times as likely to be in poor or only fair health as White children.

Children’s Health Status, 2009 Percent of Children* Who: Were in only fair or poor health

Were ever told by doctor they had asthma

Missed one or more weeks of school due to illness

Made two or more visits to the emergency room

Race/ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Hispanic Insurance status Uninsured Insured Family income Under 100% of poverty 100% to 199% of poverty 200% of poverty or more

1.1% 3.0 — 3.1

12.6% 21.7 12.0 12.3

28.5% 22.4 14.8 20.1

6.2% 10.8 — 6.7

2.0 1.8

11.1 14.1

20.4 25.8

5.8 7.0

3.6 2.5

18.0 14.0

26.3 28.8

11.8 7.7

0.9

12.6

24.0

4.9

* Children ages 0 through 18, with exception of school days missed, which includes only children ages 5 through 17. — Sample too small to calculate reliable rates SOURCE: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2009 National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-7

Hispanic children are 76 percent more likely and Black children are 50 percent more likely than White children to have an unmet medical need due to cost.

Children’s Access to Health Care, 2009 Percent of Children* Who Had: No usual place of care

Race/ethnicity White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Hispanic Insurance status Uninsured Insured Family income Under 100% of poverty 100% to 199% of poverty 200% of poverty or more

4.3% 4.8 5.7 8.6

More than two years since contact with health provider**

2.3% 2.9 — 5.6

Delayed medical care due to cost

4.6% 4.8 2.3 6.0

Unmet medical need

2.1% 3.1 — 3.7

28.9 3.2

15.6 2.0

22.6 3.2

14.2 1.6

8.0 6.3 3.9

5.2 3.9 2.2

5.6 6.7 3.9

3.4 3.3 2.0

* Children ages 0 through 18. ** Includes children who had never seen a health provider — Sample too small to calculate reliable rates SOURCE: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2009 National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund.

E-8

Children’s Defense Fund

Hispanic children are 77 percent more likely than White children to have an unmet dental need. Children without insurance are almost three times as likely as others to have not seen a dentist in more than two years.

Children’s Dental Health and Access to Dental Care, 2009 Percent of Children* Who Had: More than two years since last dental contact**

Unmet dental need

Race/ethnicity White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Hispanic

12.9% 15.9 18.8 17.8

6.0% 6.5 4.5 10.6

Insurance status Uninsured Insured

35.2 13.0

27.2 5.1

Family income Under 100% of poverty 100% to 199% of poverty 200% of poverty or more

18.9 17.5 12.2

9.6 10.3 4.6

* Children ages 2 through 18. ** Includes children who had never seen a dental provider. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2009 National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-9

More than one in three children in low-income families (below 200 percent of poverty) is overweight or obese. Black teens are 26 percent and Hispanic teens are 32 percent more likely than White teens to be overweight or obese.

Overweight* and Obesity* Among Children and Teens, 2007–2008 Percent of children and teens who are: Overweight Overweight Obese or obese

Total, all races Ages 2 to 5 Ages 6 to 11 Ages 12 to 19 Ages 2 to 19

10.8% 15.9 16.1 14.8

10.4% 19.6 18.1 16.9

21.2% 35.5 34.2 31.7

8.3 15.5 15.7 14.0

9.1 19.0 15.6 15.3

17.4 34.5 31.3 29.3

14.6 18.2 15.1 15.9

11.4 19.4 24.4 20.0

26.0 37.6 39.5 35.9

13.5 17.5 19.5 17.3

14.2 25.1 21.7 20.9

27.7 42.6 41.2 38.2

Insurance status Uninsured Insured

16.6 15.4

14.9 14.5

31.4 29.9

Family income Under 100% of poverty 100% to 199% of poverty 200% of poverty or more

18.5 16.3 14.3

16.0 17.7 13.1

34.6 34.0 27.4

White, non-Hispanic Ages 2 to 5 Ages 6 to 11 Ages 12 to 19 Ages 2 to 19

Black, non-Hispanic Ages 2 to 5 Ages 6 to 11 Ages 12 to 19 Ages 2 to 19

Hispanic Ages 2 to 5 Ages 6 to 11 Ages 12 to 19 Ages 2 to 19

Adolescents ages 12 to 19:

* Overweight and obesity are determined from the body mass index (BMI) for each child. A child is overweight if his or her BMI is at or above the 85th percentile but below the 95th percentile for age. A child is obese if his or her BMI is at or above the 95th percentile for age. BMI percentiles are in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, Number 246 (May 2002). Sources: Data by race/ethnicity are from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, C.L. in Ogden, M.D. Carroll, L.R. Curtin, et al., Prevalence of High Body Mass in U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2007–2008, JAMA, at http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/2009.2012v1. Data on insurance coverage and poverty status, available only for children and teens ages 12 through 19, are from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2008 National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

E-10

Children’s Defense Fund

Overall children from different races and ethnicities have very similar immunization rates. However, income affects Black children in particular, with poor Black children less likely to be fully immunized than higher-income Black children.

Immunization of Two-Year-Olds,* by Race/Ethnicity and Poverty Status, 2009 Percent Fully Immunized 4:3:1:3:3:1 Series**

All income levels Total, all races White Black Hispanic**** American Indian/ Alaska Native Asian Multiracial

4:3:1:3:3:1:4 Series***

69.9% 69.2 66.6 72.8 73.4 69.9 67.1

63.6 % 64.1 58.2 67.1 — 55.0 57.2

Below poverty Total, all races White Black Hispanic**** American Indian/Alaska Native Asian Multiracial

68.4 67.7 63.6 71.2 n/a n/a n/a

60.7 61.7 55.1 65.5 n/a n/a n/a

At or above poverty Total, all races White Black Hispanic**** American Indian/Alaska Native Asian Multiracial

70.4 69.4 71.2 73.6 — 69.2 69.8

64.8 64.5 62.8 68.2 — 60.4 61.0

*Children ages 19 through 35 months ** Because of shortages in the Hib vaccine, CDC published additional data on immunization series excluding the Hib vaccine from the series *** Primary series of Hib vaccines completed (2 or 3 doses, depending on brand); see note below. **** Hispanic children not included in any of the racial groups Note: The 4:3:1:3:3:1 series includes 4 or more doses of DTP/DT/DTaP, 3 or more doses of poliovirus vaccine, 1 or more doses of any measles-containing vaccine, 3 or more doses of Hib vaccine, 3 or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine, and 1 or more doses of varicella vaccine. The 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series additionally includes 4 or more doses of PCV. In 2009, CDC tested a more precise measurement for Hib vaccines because, depending on the brand, a child could have completed the full primary series with either 2 or 3 doses, or could be fully vaccinated for Hib (primary series plus booster dose) with either 3 or 4 doses. A new series was created with 4 in the Hib dosage location that indicates fully vaccinated (either 3 or 4 doses, depending on brand). The complex nature of these measurement changes is compounded by the Hib vaccine shortage which led to temporary recommendations for all two-year-olds to complete the primary series rather than the full Hib vaccine series. CDC published limited data on a series labeled -S which indicates completion rate for the primary Hib series. n/a - data not available — Sample size too small for reliability. from the table.

There were very few reliable measurements for Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, so this group was excluded

Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009 National Immunization Survey: tab27a_431331_race_iap-2.xls, tab28a_4314314_race_ iap.xls, tab32_pov_race.xls. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats-surv/nis/data/tables_2009.htm#top, November 2010. MMWR: Changes in Measurement of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) Vaccination Coverage — National Immunization Survey, United States, 2009, Vol 59:(33), August 27, 2010; and National, State, and Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19-35 Months — United States, 2009, Vol 59:(36), September 17, 2010.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-11

Immunization rates fell in many states between 2008 and 2009 because of a shortage of the Hib vaccine, which protects children against a severe bacterial infection.

Estimated Immunization Coverage in 2009 with Recommended Series Among Two-Year-Olds* Percent of children fully immunized 4:3:1:3:3:1** 4:3:1:3:3:1:4*** Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming US National****

73.3% 63.8 69.9 63.1 74.9 65.2 46.5 65.3 75.0 74.7 69.3 66.9 51.7 72.6 65.9 65.6 77.0 65.6 76.9 52.5 79.9 81.1 71.0 57.6 73.3 60.5 55.2 59.9 59.4 78.7 67.2 68.2 69.1 55.8 56.4 73.8 70.2 64.8 69.0 50.6 66.9 74.8 74.4 73.9 70.3 65.1 69.6 70.3 64.5 59.1 62.0 69.9

60.1% 55.2 61.6 57.9 68.7 60.6 43.8 60.0 62.7 65.1 62.9 63.8 48.0 68.5 61.9 60.0 65.8 56.0 70.1 49.6 73.4 75.7 65.7 52.1 68.5 50.1 49.4 50.7 54.7 73.3 63.1 63.2 62.2 52.6 52.4 68.8 60.4 60.8 63.9 44.9 59.7 67.1 65.0 67.6 63.2 58.4 63.2 64.8 58.2 53.3 57.3 63.6

*Children born between January 2006 and July 2008. Note: The 4:3:1:3:3:1 series includes 4 or more doses of DTP/DT/DTaP, 3 or more doses of poliovirus vaccine, 1 or more doses of any measles-containing vaccine, 3 or more doses of Hib vaccine, 3 or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine, and 1 or more doses of varicella vaccine. The 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series additionally includes 4 or more doses of PCV. In 2009, CDC tested a more precise measurement for Hib vaccines because, depending on the brand, a child could have completed the full primary series with either 2 or 3 doses, or could be fully vaccinated for Hib (primary series plus booster dose) with either 3 or 4 doses. A new series was created with 4 in the Hib dosage location that indicates fully vaccinated (either 3 or 4 doses, depending on brand). The complex nature of these measurement changes was compounded by the Hib vaccine shortage which led to temporary recommendations for all two-year-olds to complete the primary series rather than the full Hib vaccine series. We include only the 4:3:1:3:3:1 and the 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series in this table because of the comparability of these two series to previous years and because the Hib vaccine shortage artificially decreased the immunization rate of the series that includes the more precise Hib standard. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009 National Immunization Survey: tab03_antigen_state.xls, accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats-surv/nis/data/tables_2009.htm, January 2011. MMWR: Changes in Measurement of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) Vaccination Coverage — National Immunization Survey, United States, 2009, Vol 59:(33), August 27, 2010; and National, State, and Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19-35 Months — United States, 2009, Vol 59:(36), September 17, 2010. **4 or more doses of DTaP, 3 or more doses of poliovirus vaccine, 1 or more doses of any MMR vaccine, 3 or more doses of Hib vaccine of any type, 3 or more doses of HepB vaccine, and one or more doses of varicella vaccine. ***4 or more doses of DTaP, 3 or more doses of poliovirus vaccine, 1 or more doses of any MMR vaccine, 3 or more doses of Hib vaccine of any type, 3 or more doses of HepB vaccine, and one or more doses of varicella vaccine, and 4 or more doses of PCV. **** US National estimates include the 50 States plus DC, and exclude the Virgin Islands.

E-12

Children’s Defense Fund

The U.S. and Latvia have the highest infant mortality rates among 30 industrialized nations.

International Rankings, Infant Mortality Rate* Rate*

Rank

(rounded to nearest whole number)

Japan Slovenia Sweden Austria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Greece Israel Italy Norway Portugal Australia Belgium Estonia Germany Ireland Netherlands Spain Switzerland Canada Hungary Lithuania New Zealand Republic of Korea United Kingdom Poland Slovakia Latvia United States Turkey

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 19

1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 22 22 22 22 22 22 28 28 30 30 32

30 industrialized nations as designated by The State of the World’s Children: 2011, excluding those with populations of fewer than 1 million. *Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age, per 1,000 live births Source: United Nation’s Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children: 2011. Table 1, Basic Indicators. Ranks calculated by the Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-13

A baby born in the U.S. is about twice as likely to be born at low birthweight as a baby in Estonia or Lithuania.

International Rankings, Low Birthweight* Percent (rounded to nearest whole number)

Estonia Finland Lithuania Republic of Korea Sweden Denmark Latvia Norway Canada Ireland Italy New Zealand Poland Spain Switzerland Australia Austria Czech Republic France Germany Slovakia Belgium Greece Israel Japan Portugal United Kingdom United States Hungary Turkey Netherlands Slovenia

4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 11 n/a n/a

Rank 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 16 16 16 16 16 16 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 29 30 n/a n/a

32 industrialized nations as designated by The State of the World’s Children: 2011, excluding those with populations of fewer than 1 million. * Percent of infants with low birthweight , 2005-2008. Source: United Nationís Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children: 2011. Table 1, Basic Indicators. Ranks calculated by the Children’s Defense Fund.

E-14

Children’s Defense Fund

After four decades of decline, the infant mortality rate in the U.S. increased in 2002 and again in 2005 and 2007.

Trend in Infant Mortality Rates, 1980–2007 Infant deaths before the first birthday per 1,000 live births

6.75

5 0 1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2007

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics.

The rate of babies born at low birthweight has increased by 22 percent since 1984.

Trend in Low Birthweight Rates, 1980–2008* 9

Percent of total births

8.2%

6 0 1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2008

* Birthweight less than 2,500 g (5 lbs. 8 oz.) Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 57, Number 7 (January 7, 2009), Table 33.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-15

The 8.2 percent of babies born at low birthweight in 2007 was the same as 40 years earlier. In 2007, Black babies continued to be more than twice as likely to die as infants as White babies.

Trends in Infant Mortality and Low Birthweight Infant Mortality Rates* Year

Total

White

Black

1940 1950 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

47.0 29.2 26.4 26.0 25.3 25.3 25.2 24.8 24.7 23.7 22.4 21.8 20.9 20.0 19.1 18.5 17.7 16.7 16.1 15.2 14.1 13.8 13.1 12.60 11.93 11.52 11.16 10.79 10.64 13.35 10.08 9.95 9.81 9.22 8.94 8.52 8.37 8.02 7.59 7.32 7.23 7.20 7.06 6.91 6.85 6.97 6.85 6.79 6.87 6.69 6.75 n/a

43.2 26.8 23.2 22.9 22.4 22.3 22.2 21.6 21.5 20.6 19.7 19.2 18.4 17.8 17.1 16.4 15.8 14.8 14.2 13.3 12.3 12.0 11.4 10.86 10.34 9.94 9.61 9.30 9.17 8.80 8.48 8.36 8.08 7.56 7.30 6.92 6.82 6.57 6.29 6.07 6.03 5.95 5.77 5.68 5.65 5.79 5.72 5.66 5.73 5.56 5.64 n/a

72.9 43.9 44.8 44.3 41.8 42.6 42.8 42.3 41.7 40.2 37.5 36.2 34.8 32.6 30.3 29.6 28.1 26.8 26.2 25.5 23.6 23.1 21.8 22.19 20.81 20.48 19.98 19.15 19.01 18.90 18.75 18.54 18.61 17.96 17.57 16.85 16.52 15.83 15.12 14.68 14.16 14.31 14.56 14.09 14.02 14.36 14.01 13.79 13.73 13.29 13.24 n/a

Black-White ratio

Low birthweight**

1.69 1.64 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.94 1.95 1.90 1.89 1.89 1.83 1.77 1.80 1.78 1.81 1.85 1.92 1.92 1.93 1.91 2.04 2.01 2.06 2.08 2.06 2.07 2.15 2.21 2.22 2.30 2.38 2.41 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.40 2.42 2.35 2.41 2.52 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.40 2.39 2.35 n/a

* Infant deaths before the first birthday per 1,000 live births ** Birthweight less than 2,500 grams (5 lbs., 8 oz.) n/a — data not available Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

E-16

Children’s Defense Fund

n/a n/a n/a 7.7% 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.2

Infants born to Black mothers are almost twice as likely to be born at low birthweight as infants born to White mothers.

Mothers Giving Birth to Low Birthweight* Babies, 2008 Total 1 Number Rate Rank Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

6,820 680 7,030 3,757 37,598 6,243 3,237 1,027 957 20,319 13,975 1,574 1,637 14,790 7,398 2,673 3,005 5,360 7,046 907 7,138 5,951 10,378 4,605 5,306 6,573 929 1,901 3,175 890 9,515 2,547 20,508 11,890 610 12,797 4,536 2,975 12,361 953 6,218 780 7,853 34,194 3,785 443 8,865 5,717 2,048 5,068 667

10.6% 6.0 7.1 9.2 6.8 8.9 8.0 8.5 10.5 8.8 9.6 8.1 6.5 8.4 8.3 6.6 7.2 9.2 10.8 6.7 9.2 7.8 8.6 6.4 11.8 8.1 7.4 7.0 8.0 6.5 8.4 8.5 8.2 9.1 6.8 8.6 8.3 6.1 8.3 7.9 9.9 6.5 9.2 8.4 6.8 7.0 8.3 6.3 9.5 7.0 8.3

347,209

8.2

49 1 16 41 10 39 21 34 48 38 46 23 5 31 26 8 17 41 50 9 41 19 36 4 51 23 18 13 21 5 31 34 25 40 10 36 26 2 26 20 47 5 41 31 10 13 26 3 45 13 26

White, non-Hispanic Number Rate Rank 3,211 321 2,888 2,182 9,743 3,528 1,591 449 161 7,904 4,849 308 1,232 6,806 5,197 2,140 2,045 4,273 2,779 828 2,564 3,693 6,091 2,990 1,942 4,411 752 1,303 1,300 785 3,963 698 8,221 5,518 488 8,332 2,758 2,002 7,527 409 2,676 571 4,685 10,701 2,794 423 4,300 3,421 1,897 3,393 518 163,561

8.4% 5.0 6.8 8.0 6.4 8.5 6.6 7.0 6.8 7.5 7.6 6.4 6.2 7.3 7.7 6.3 6.8 8.7 8.0 6.6 7.2 7.1 7.2 5.7 8.6 7.2 7.3 6.5 8.0 6.4 7.4 8.2 6.8 7.7 6.7 7.4 7.8 5.9 7.1 6.8 7.7 6.2 8.1 7.7 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 9.4 6.3 8.1 7.2

47 1 17 41 9 48 14 22 17 34 35 9 5 30 36 7 17 50 41 14 27 25 27 2 49 27 30 12 41 9 32 46 17 36 16 32 40 3 25 17 36 5 44 36 12 22 22 4 51 7 44

Black, non-Hispanic Number Rate Rank 3,148 48 477 1,209 3,862 465 700 408 686 6,952 6,627 51 12 4,243 1,472 211 392 816 3,865 35 3,400 793 3,242 717 3,188 1,652 6 220 471 17 2,276 60 5,159 4,469 10 3,500 746 131 2,893 111 2,992 21 2,525 6,428 73 10 3,023 355 119 939 8 85,233

15.8% 11.9 11.8 15.1 12.1 14.8 13.6 12.6 13.7 13.5 13.8 10.7 — 13.8 14.1 11.9 12.4 15.0 15.1 9.7 13.1 11.1 14.5 10.8 16.1 13.3 — 12.5 13.1 — 13.1 12.3 12.8 14.4 — 14.5 15.1 10.8 13.5 11.0 14.5 9.8 13.9 14.0 13.0 — 13.0 9.0 14.5 13.0 — 13.7

44 10 9 41 12 39 27 16 28 25 29 4 — 29 33 10 14 40 41 2 21 8 35 5 45 24 — 15 21 — 21 13 17 34 — 35 41 5 25 7 35 3 31 32 18 — 18 1 35 18 —

Hispanic 2 Number Rate Rank 367 56 2,912 278 17,575 1,860 702 128 88 4,798 1,747 231 301 2,826 576 233 416 177 234 16 743 905 601 341 114 276 32 295 1,054 41 2,224 1,466 4,725 1,350 21 527 472 598 1,210 215 401 41 491 15,499 702 3 937 1,038 18 440 97

6.9% 8.6 6.7 6.4 6.1 8.5 8.1 7.0 5.8 7.3 6.8 7.6 7.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 6.1 6.1 7.0 — 7.0 8.3 6.8 6.0 6.5 6.1 7.4 6.9 6.9 7.5 7.6 8.7 7.9 6.2 7.5 7.6 6.7 5.8 8.7 8.3 6.4 8.9 6.2 7.6 7.4 — 6.6 6.0 — 6.2 9.0

72,398

7.0

22 44 17 12 5 43 40 25 1 29 19 35 30 15 19 25 5 5 25 — 25 41 19 3 14 5 30 22 22 33 35 45 39 9 33 35 17 1 45 41 12 47 9 35 30 — 15 3 — 9 48

* Birthweight less than 2,500 grams (5 lbs. 8 oz.) — Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race.

Note: For births statistics, race refers to the race of the mother. Source: Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics Specific citation: Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, et al. Births: Final Data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports; Vol 59, No 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, December 2010. Internet Tables: Table I-9.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-17

Five states with the highest Black infant mortality rate when compared to their overall infant mortality rate are Wisconsin, Missouri, Rhode Island, Kansas and Indiana.

Infant Deaths, Infant Mortality Rates,* and Rankings, 2007 Total, all races** Deaths Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Rate

641 72 711 317 2,944 433 276 91 116 1,685 1,206 124 169 1,217 681 225 333 397 608 89 625 384 995 409 467 613 79 182 262 76 601 192 1,412 1,112 66 1,160 469 284 1,139 91 539 79 721 2,564 280 33 848 429 164 470 58

9.89 6.51 6.90 7.66 5.20 6.12 6.63 7.48 13.09 7.05 7.98 6.48 6.75 6.73 7.58 5.50 7.93 6.69 9.17 6.30 8.00 4.93 7.94 5.55 10.04 7.48 6.35 6.76 6.36 5.36 5.18 6.27 5.57 8.49 7.47 7.69 8.52 5.75 7.56 7.35 8.57 6.44 8.31 6.29 5.08 5.07 7.79 4.82 7.46 6.46 7.35

29,138

6.75

White

Black

Rank

Deaths

Rate

Rank

Deaths

Rate

Rank

49 21 27 37 6 12 22 33 51 28 42 20 25 24 36 8 40 23 48 15 43 2 41 9 50 33 16 26 17 7 5 13 10 45 32 38 46 11 35 29 47 18 44 14 4 3 39 1 31 19 29

350 36 581 209 2,223 375 197 51 29 950 516 34 158 725 513 201 260 316 238 85 219 283 595 280 165 393 63 144 201 71 342 153 861 600 51 768 307 254 721 68 242 54 421 1,934 259 30 444 313 146 329 49

7.98 5.20 6.57 6.47 4.89 5.85 5.90 6.12 8.52 5.52 5.56 6.11 6.59 5.22 6.61 5.34 7.03 6.01 6.14 6.33 4.79 4.54 6.11 4.69 6.65 5.89 5.94 6.12 6.03 5.34 4.13 5.99 4.95 6.35 6.80 6.34 7.25 5.70 6.12 6.52 6.03 5.55 6.44 5.68 4.98 4.76 5.80 4.33 6.95 5.37 6.65

50 10 41 39 7 21 23 31 51 15 17 29 42 11 43 12 48 26 34 35 6 3 29 4 44 22 24 31 27 12 1 25 8 37 46 36 49 19 31 40 27 16 38 18 9 5 20 2 47 14 44

284 3 65 107 421 45 68 39 87 709 664 8 3 452 166 22 62 72 365 4 371 83 370 82 290 210 3 28 47 3 234 8 482 467 1 382 90 12 394 20 291 3 295 573 4 1 375 50 17 111 1

14.35 — 14.96 13.17 12.35 13.16 12.07 11.84 16.61 12.21 12.77 — — 14.16 15.99 11.58 18.98 12.69 14.08 — 13.63 8.76 16.39 11.70 13.87 16.48 — 14.04 12.35 — 11.02 — 8.82 15.14 — 14.81 18.03 — 15.07 16.00 13.69 — 15.74 11.51 — — 15.41 10.28 — 15.18 —

23 — 25 16 11 15 9 8 35 10 14 — — 22 31 6 37 13 21 — 17 1 33 7 19 34 — 20 11 — 4 — 2 27 — 24 36 — 26 32 18 — 30 5 — — 29 3 — 28 —

18,807

5.64

8,944

13.24

* Infant deaths before the first birthday per 1,000 live births ** Includes races other than Black and White — Number of infant deaths too small to calculate a reliable rate. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics Specific citation: Xu JQ, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol 58, No 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, May 2010. Table 32.

E-18

Children’s Defense Fund

More than 60 percent of Black and Native American babies are born to unmarried mothers compared to fewer than 30 percent of White, non-Hispanic babies. These babies are also more than twice as likely to be born to teen mothers than White babies.

Selected Maternal and Infant Health Indicators, by Race and Hispanic Origin of Mother, 2007 and 2008 All races

Characteristic

All births

2008 2007

4,247,694 4,316,233

Percent of all births in group that are: Preterm births 1 2008 12.3% 2007 12.7 Low birthweight 2 2008 8.2 2007 8.2 Very low birthweight 3 2008 1.5 2007 1.5 Births to teens 2008 10.4 2007 10.5 Births to unmarried mothers 2008 40.6 2007 39.7

Total

White Non-Hispanic

3,274,163 3,336,626

2,267,817 2,310,333

11.4% 11.7

11.1% 11.5

7.1 7.2

2 3

Black Non-Hispanic

670,809 675,676

623,029 627,191

17.3% 18.0

17.5% 18.3

7.2 7.3

13.4 13.6

1.2 1.2

9.5 9.5 35.7 34.8

Mother’s age at first birth (mean) 2008 25.1 25.3 2007 25.0 25.2 Infant deaths 4 (number) preliminary 5 2008 28,033 18,162 2007 29,138 18,807 Infant mortality 4 rate (deaths per 1,000 live births) preliminary 5 2008 6.59 5.54 2007 6.75 5.64 1

Total

Native Asian, Pacific American Islander

49,537 49,443

253,185 254,488

Hispanic

1,041,239 1,062,779

13.6% 13.9

10.7% 10.9

12.1% 12.3

13.7 13.9

7.4 7.5

8.2 8.1

7.0 6.9

2.9 3.1

3.0 3.2

1.3 1.3

1.2 1.1

1.2 1.2

7.5 7.5

17 17.2

17.1 17.3

18.0 18.4

3.0 3.1

14.1 14.2

28.7 27.8

71.8 71.2

72.3 71.6

65.8 65.3

16.9 16.6

52.6 51.3

26.0 26.0

22.8 22.7

21.9 21.8

28.7 28.6

23.1 23.1

12,545 12,998

8,513 8,944

8,193 8,629

405 432

953 955

5,891 6,068

5.52 5.63

12.68 13.24

n/a n/a

5.67 5.71

Prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation Less than 2,500 grams (5 lbs., 8 oz.) Less than 1,500 grams (3 lbs., 4 oz.)

Deaths to infants under 1 year of age

Final data on infant and maternal deaths in 2008 not yet available. Preliminary data is based on more than 99% of the demographic and medical files for all deaths in the United States in 2008. All sources are: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-19

In a majority of states, Black and Hispanic babies are more than twice as likely as White babies to be born to mothers who received late or no prenatal care.

Prenatal Care, 2006 Total 3 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticu Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (excluding New York City) New York City North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Early Prenatal Care 1 White, Black, non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic4

81.7% 81.1 77.7 79.5 85.9 79.7 85.8 75.9 78.9 69.9 83.3 81.8 71.5 86.2 79.0 86.4 75.2 73.2 87.0 87.7 81.7 88.6 85.4 86.5 83.2 87.2 83.7 75.4 71.5 80.9 77.6 74.7

88.5% 85.0 86.8 83.0 89.8 85.7 91.4 82.5 92.2 76.1 89.4 85.2 74.5 90.7 82.8 88.5 80.5 75.1 92.3 88.3 89.2 91.4 89.5 90.4 89.6 89.5 86.5 78.9 79.9 82.1 87.1 81.4

76.0% 82.9 77.9 72.6 81.9 73.7 75.0 73.1 74.9 61.0 78.9 85.5 64.0 76.7 66.5 73.0 64.4 64.7 79.9 69.8 76.2 80.4 71.9 74.5 77.3 79.2 86.7 64.9 66.3 64.6 62.4 76.3

50.6% 82.4 70.2 69.7 83.8 69.4 75.1 55.5 67.0 66.2 73.3 82.0 58.1 82.5 64.1 71.7 55.6 56.1 79.9 82.5 65.0 81.4 78.6 72.1 73.1 77.6 80.2 62.6 62.5 66.0 66.1 74.3

76.1 79.9 82.6 74.7 72.9 75.6 79.2 71.8 84.5 66.7 70.5 67.6 61.6 80.2 83.8 84.2 70.3 82.8 84.5 72.4

81.6 87.7 89.8 78.8 76.3 79.5 82.4 77.2 90.0 74.1 76.9 74.8 72.2 84.1 84.4 89.7 74.0 83.5 88.0 74.6

60.3 75.0 76.0 64.0 58.6 69.7 72.1 55.8 74.2 60.9 45.5 54.3 53.9 57.4 48.6 79.4 63.7 68.4 75.5 73.1

61.0 77.9 67.6 59.8 60.3 64.5 70.1 55.0 75.7 45.2 48.1 43.4 55.2 66.4 78.1 69.0 60.5 76.1 73.2 63.5

Total 3 4.5% 4.9 6.1 4.7 2.8 4.5 1.8 6.1 5.5 7.2 4.1 3.6 6.1 2.4 4.5 2.5 4.9 5.8 2.6 1.8 4.3 2.3 3.1 2.1 3.2 2.3 3.1 4.2 8.8 4.1 5.0 6.7 4.4 4.9 3.1 5.6 6.3 6.1 4.3 6.6 1.9 8.1 5.7 9.6 11.5 3.9 2.6 4.1 6.6 3.2 3.1 6.5

Late or No Prenatal Care2 White, Black, non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic4 2.2% 3.8 3.0 3.6 2.1 2.8 1.1 3.7 1.8 5.2 2.3 2.3 5.1 1.5 3.4 2.0 3.5 5.2 1.3 1.7 2.2 1.6 2.2 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.2 3.2 6.4 3.8 2.7 4.5

4.8% — 4.8 7.3 3.8 7.0 3.9 7.1 7.4 10.4 4.9 — — 5.4 8.5 6.2 8.3 8.9 4.2 — 6.0 5.0 6.6 5.4 4.3 4.5 — 7.2 11.6 — 10.5 5.3

22.4% 4.8 8.7 7.2 3.2 7.2 3.0 13.8 6.3 8.3 8.1 3.4 10.1 2.4 8.0 4.9 9.9 10.5 4.9 — 8.1 3.4 4.0 4.4 9.0 3.8 5.1 7.3 11.1 7.8 6.8 6.8

3.1 2.2 1.7 4.0 5.0 5.4 3.7 5.0 1.0 5.7 3.1 6.3 7.1 2.7 2.4 2.3 5.5 3.0 2.3 5.5

9.1 7.4 4.7 — 11.6 7.5 6.1 12.4 4.0 9.5 10.0 15.1 14.8 16.8 — 5.2 9.2 6.8 6.2 —

6.8 5.3 5.7 9.2 10.9 7.7 5.6 10.1 3.0 16.9 13.6 21.8 14.1 7.5 — 9.0 8.4 — 5.4 10.2

— Number too small to calculate a stable rate. 1 2 3 4

Care begun in the first trimester (first three months) of pregnancy. Care begun in the last trimester (last three months) of pregnancy, or not at all. Includes races other than White and Black. Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race.

Note: Prior to 2003, information on start of prenatal care was obtained from the mother. Starting in 2003, some states began to use medical records for this information. These two methods produce different results, and hence the data from these two systems cannot be combined to produce national estimates of prenatal care. In 2006, 18 states were using the new method to obtain data on prenatal care. New York City’s vital statistics system is separate from that of the rest of New York State. New York State switched to the new system in 2004; New York City still used the old system in 2006. No overall percentages can be calculated for New York. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 57, No. 7, “Births: Final Data for 2006” (January 7, 2009), Tables 26a and 26b.

E-20

Children’s Defense Fund

Children are the least expensive group to cover with health insurance. They represent almost half of all Medicaid recipients but only one-quarter of Medicaid payments.

Children Enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP Medicaid, FY 2008 Number of children ever enrolled Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii* Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

465,504 67,002 736,896 373,563 4,164,977 333,027 267,551 86,145 74,693 1,592,742 1,011,900 93,440 130,250 1,322,088 586,928 224,616 208,695 417,784 580,686 113,063 370,828 453,740 1,048,896 389,353 389,969 523,652 60,891 129,867 149,923 84,890 524,656 312,302 1,797,053 893,038 35,830 918,010 413,353 267,878 1,043,844 91,718 437,550 71,314 701,934 2,804,650 165,664 65,883 475,706 660,730 196,993 429,111 49,297 28,716,633

CHIP, FY 2010

Children as a percent of: Enrollment Payment

Number of Participation children ever enrolled rate1

51.2% 59.1 47.9 54.5 39.3 59.6 48.4 44.8 45.9 52.7 60.1 44.0 63.6 55.3 56.0 47.3 58.8 49.7 55.0 32.9 49.2 30.5 54.7 48.2 52.9 53.0 55.5 58.9 57.7 57.5 55.0 61.7 37.1 53.0 50.4 47.1 57.2 51.5 47.5 49.2 52.1 59.6 47.4 65.6 56.2 39.3 54.9 56.0 49.0 44.1 63.5

33.7% 37.0 36.1 36.7 23.0 26.6 11.4 26.9 19.6 28.3 33.6 22.4 31.7 25.2 23.9 23.9 26.6 30.9 25.0 25.0 24.3 20.2 28.4 25.2 29.1 26.3 30.0 29.8 33.6 26.4 20.1 37.1 14.2 31.7 17.5 16.8 32.2 26.0 28.4 25.9 32.0 31.7 26.0 43.5 32.5 28.6 28.5 27.5 24.1 17.2 29.9

137,545 12,473 39,589 100,770 1,731,605 106,643 21,033 12,852 8,100 403,349 248,268 27,256 42,208 329,104 141,497 63,985 56,384 79,380 157,012 32,994 118,944 142,279 69,796 5,164 95,556 86,261 25,231 47,922 31,554 10,630 187,211 9,654 539,614 253,892 7,192 253,711 122,874 64,727 273,221 23,253 73,438 15,872 81,341 928,483 62,071 7,026 173,515 35,894 37,539 161,469 8,342

85.1% 73.8 76.6 88.4 81.5 68.9 85.2 83.5 95.4 69.8 80.6 91.3 74.4 87.7 80.7 86.5 80.8 89.6 88.5 91.6 86.7 95.2 89.9 80.9 81.1 85.1 69.3 82.8 55.4 85.6 81.4 81.1 89.4 84.7 74.6 83.2 81.4 75.2 85.9 83.5 79.1 82.3 86.7 74.7 66.2 94.0 80.5 83.4 89.4 86.8 78.2

49.1

25.4

7,705,723

81.8

*Hawaii data from 2007 — most recent available. 1 Percentage of children eligible for health coverage through Medicaid or CHIP and actually enrolled in one of the programs. Notes: Children are ages 0 through 18; excludes children in Medicaid Expansion CHIP. SOURCE: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: Medicaid Statistical Information System: http://msis.cms.hhs.gov, accessed 1/19/2011. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund, 1/11.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-21

Simplified Enrollment and Renewal Processes in Place for Medicaid and CHIP, 2010 Highest income eligibility level1 Alabama 300% Alaska 175 Arizona 200 (closed) Arkansas 200 California 250 Colorado 250 300 Connecticut Delaware 200 District of Columbia 300 Florida 200 Georgia 235 Hawaii 300 Idaho 185 Illinois 200 (300) Indiana 250 Iowa 300 Kansas 241 Kentucky 200 Louisiana 250 Maine 200 Maryland 300 Massachusetts 300 Michigan 200 Minnesota 275 Mississippi 200 Missouri 300 Montana 250 Nebraska 200 Nevada 200 New Hampshire 300 New Jersey 350 New Mexico 235 New York 400 North Carolina 200 North Dakota 160 Ohio 200 Oklahoma 185 Oregon 300 Pennsylvania 300 Rhode Island 250 South Carolina 200 South Dakota 200 Tennessee 250 Texas 200 Utah 200 Vermont 300 Virginia 200 Washington 300 West Virginia 250 Wisconsin 300 Wyoming 200

Improvements to children’s CHIPRA Shorter health enrollment waiting coverage Medicaid bonus period during Expansion in 2010 4 (in months) 20103 Program2 — Yes — Yes — — — — Yes — — Yes — — — — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — — Yes — — — Yes — — — Yes Yes — — Yes Yes — — — — — — — — Yes —

Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — Yes Yes — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes —

Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes — Yes — Yes — — — — — — — Yes Yes — — — Yes — Yes — — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes —

3 None 3 6 3 3 2 6 None 2 6 None 6 12 3 1 8 6 12 3 6 6 6 4 None 6 3 None 6 6 3 6 6 None 6 None None 2 6 None None 3 3 3 3 1 4 4 3 3 1

Express Lane eligibility 6

Administrative verification of income 7

Medicaid Yes-Medicaid Yes — — — — — Yes — — — Yes — Yes — — — — — Yes — — — Yes — Yes — — — — Yes— Medicaid — — — — — Yes — Medicaid — — — Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — — — — — — Yes — — Yes — Medicaid — — Yes — Yes — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — Both — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes — Yes — Yes — — — Yes

CHIP Yes — — n/a — Yes Yes — — Yes — n/a Yes — — — — — — — n/a — Yes — — — — — — — — n/a Yes — — n/a n/a — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

12-month continuous

eligibility 8 Medicaid Yes Yes — — Yes — — — — — — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes — Yes — Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes — — Yes — — — — — — Yes Yes — Yes

CHIP Yes n/a — — Yes Yes — Yes — Yes — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes — Yes — Yes — Yes — Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes Yes — n/a — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes

— No program Source: Based on a national survey conducted by the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured with the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families, 2011. 1 Upper income eligiblity limit for children’s coverage as of percent of poverty as of January 1, 2011. 2 State uses CHIP funding to cover all children eligible for CHIP and Medicaid. 3 State either increased eligibility level or made improvements to the enrollment and renewal system for children’s health coverage in 2010. 4 The Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA) established performance bonuses in order to support the enrollment and retention of eligible children in Medicaid and CHIP. These bonuses provide added federal funding for states that have adopted at least five of eight program features in both Medicaid and CHIP and have also increased Medicaid enrollment of children above a baseline level. CMS will be awarding over $200 million in performance bonuses to 15 States for FY 2010. http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2010pres/12/fy2010_chipra_stateprofiles.pdf. 5 State has shorten the length of time a child is required to be uninsured prior to enrollment in CHIP. 6 States use data and eligibility findings from other public benefit programs when determing children’s eligibility for Medicaid and/or CHIP at enrollment or renewal. 7 When enrolling in coverage or renewing coverage, the state uses administrative data already in the state database in order to determine family income and does not require burdensome paperwork. 8 Enrollees are guaranteed coverage, without interruption, for 12 months, regardless of changes in their family’s financial circ*mstances.

E-22

Children’s Defense Fund

More than one in eight preschool children live with a parent who abuses alcohol or other drugs or is dependent on them.

Children Living with Parents Who Have Substance Abuse or Dependence, by Age Group 16 14

13.9%

13.6% 12.0%

12 9.9%

Percent

10 8 6 4 2 0 Under 3

3 to 5

6 to 11

12 to 17

Age Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Children Living with Substance-Dependent or Substance-Abusing Parents: 2002 to 2007, The NSDUH Report (April 16, 2009), Figure 2.

Children Living with Parents Who Have Substance Abuse or Dependence, by Type of Substance Dependence or Abuse 9

8.3

Number in millions

7.3

3 2.1

Illicit drugs

Alcohol

Alcohol or illicit drugs

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Children Living with Substance-Dependent or Substance-Abusing Parents: 2002 to 2007, The NSDUH Report (April 16, 2009), Figure 1.

State of America’s Children® 2011

E-23

Child Hunger and Nutrition

roper nutrition is essential to a child’s health, development and well-being, but more than 16 million U.S. households struggle to afford the food that their family needs. Food insecurity, which refers to the availability of and access to food for the household, is particularly devastating for children. Hunger and poor nutrition are linked to low birthweight and birth defects, obesity, mental health problems, dental health problem, and poor education outcomes. Federal child nutrition programs offer a critical lifeline for children living in food insecure families. • In 43 states and the District of Columbia, more than one in 10 households has limited access to adequate food. • One in seven Americans receives SNAP benefits (Food Stamps) that help them put food on the table. The overwhelming majority – three quarters – are in families with children. • During 2009, an average of 15.6 million children received food stamps each month, an increase of 65 percent in just 10 years. This increase accompanied the increase of children living in poverty over the same time period and the recent recession. • In 2010, nearly 32 million children participated in the National School Lunch program. Almost two-thirds of them lived in families with income low enough to qualify them for either free or reduced-price meals. • Only one in nine low-income children who eats a free or reduced price school lunch during the school year is reached by the Summer Food Service Program. • Almost nine million women and children participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Infants and young children make up 76 percent of the programs beneficiaries. Since the recession began in late 2007, participation has increased by more than 800,000.

F-2

Children’s Defense Fund

After peaking in 1994, the number of children receiving food stamps has been rising rapidly again since 2000, reaching a record 15.6 million children in 2009.

Children Receiving Food Stamps/SNAP, 1989–2009 16

15.6

15 14

In millions

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 0 1989

1994

1999

2004

2009

Note: The name of the Food Stamp Program was changed to SNAP in 2008. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, unpublished tabulations; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households: Fiscal Year 2009, Table 3.5

The 38.2 million people receiving SNAP benefits in October 2009 was the largest number ever receiving food stamps.

Food Stamp/SNAP Recipients, December 2007 – December 2010 38.2

Number of recipients in millions

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Dec 2007

May 2008

Oct 2008

Mar 2009

Aug 2009

Jan 2010

May 2010

Aug 2010

Dec 2010

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, at .

State of America’s Children® 2011

F-3

During 2009 an average of 15.6 million children received food stamps each month, an increase of 65 percent in 10 years.

Average Number of Children Receiving Food Stamps Each Month, FYs 1989–2009 FY 1989

FY 1994

FY 1999

FY 2004

FY 2007

FY 2008

FY 2009

203,627 13,852 142,460 103,406 1,130,068 108,030 62,617 15,639 29,772 319,164 247,169 39,780 29,783 480,701 139,258 80,704 60,856 190,408 356,575 38,077 127,879 153,172 445,279 120,559 224,555 192,188 26,322 45,161 19,408 9,273 191,648 75,537 722,389 177,509 18,890 492,247 123,659 90,838 441,560 29,370 137,577 25,213 230,158 846,306 52,402 14,362 148,798 153,771 111,043 175,538 14,572

280,653 24,710 280,587 134,327 2,206,228 142,831 123,647 28,661 52,408 748,014 415,623 56,673 43,834 546,825 254,607 96,003 89,723 228,424 403,454 59,146 206,048 240,069 539,922 175,763 252,405 295,224 35,654 62,558 45,887 30,016 290,707 126,461 1,094,408 313,632 22,968 598,321 190,671 134,838 544,571 51,496 205,812 24,734 347,335 1,406,259 68,105 29,579 275,223 231,318 135,908 181,645 16,868

216,200 20,743 150,380 130,021 1,336,701 84,579 86,894 19,432 42,400 425,329 328,559 61,446 29,799 397,268 159,095 60,457 56,731 167,608 280,474 41,572 142,036 131,011 343,440 95,861 152,968 197,603 28,819 45,471 28,936 19,239 193,346 92,563 718,290 258,261 16,147 305,001 131,670 103,126 395,157 41,458 157,901 22,140 217,141 800,811 53,059 18,208 168,992 152,780 96,025 96,597 12,554

256,164 26,409 297,908 160,903 1,241,903 123,636 87,480 28,835 40,083 532,930 421,231 41,147 45,628 529,423 259,955 83,382 78,205 235,191 355,683 50,107 129,061 178,840 449,409 114,724 200,443 291,754 37,002 58,361 59,580 24,456 176,165 118,897 641,795 385,631 18,638 466,333 180,314 185,357 447,651 39,641 250,296 28,656 344,082 1,256,104 67,001 15,969 217,235 192,982 109,115 176,275 14,199

276,831 25,630 298,550 176,187 1,296,318 127,338 80,830 33,312 34,796 546,972 474,327 36,989 44,148 593,394 279,973 105,476 84,800 251,041 307,897 61,232 145,358 191,733 530,380 134,878 207,351 427,138 34,452 59,053 59,270 25,313 192,124 121,240 711,247 430,347 20,513 490,566 198,018 183,006 479,009 35,963 257,284 29,105 374,945 1,365,363 63,880 18,822 235,793 219,633 104,475 202,616 10,681

291,898 26,523 341,683 177,424 1,390,566 129,819 84,597 37,847 35,532 640,032 516,910 38,777 51,601 605,282 297,523 111,610 84,907 257,537 323,236 64,234 159,185 207,960 526,251 139,669 217,663 459,828 34,988 59,931 69,267 25,913 206,272 123,018 779,428 459,199 21,997 523,686 193,676 185,055 502,300 38,382 271,376 30,856 394,134 1,412,481 70,383 21,322 254,592 246,904 108,705 207,662 11,320

335,000 29,000 414,000 190,000 1,586,000 164,000 98,000 46,000 39,000 841,000 624,000 46,000 71,000 676,000 327,000 133,000 100,000 298,000 342,000 74,000 204,000 247,000 575,000 161,000 238,000 359,000 40,000 66,000 96,000 32,000 230,000 151,000 895,000 547,000 23,000 623,000 219,000 228,000 551,000 44,000 312,000 36,000 458,000 1,685,000 97,000 27,000 288,000 328,000 120,000 263,000 13,000

United States

9,429,127

14,390,783

9,332,299

11,772,169

12,695,597

13,470,941

15,589,000

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, unpublished tabulations from Fiscal Year QC database.

F-4

Children’s Defense Fund

In all but seven states, more than one in 10 households have limited access to adequate food.

Prevalence of Household Level Food Insecurity,1 by State, 2007–2009 (Average) Food Insecurity (Low or Very Low Food Security) Percent Arkansas Texas Mississippi Georgia Oklahoma Tennesse Alabama Missouri Maine North Carolina Ohio New Mexico Arizona Florida Kansas California Washington Oregon Rhode Island Vermont South Carolina Kentucky Michigan West Virginia Alaska District of Columbia Nevada Montana New York Indiana Colorado Illinois Nebraska Pennsylvania Utah Idaho Iowa New Jersey Conneticut Hawaii Wisconsin South Dakota Maryland Minnesota Louisiana Massachusetts Wyoming Delaware Virginia New Hampshire North Dakota 1

17.7% 17.4 17.1 15.6 15.2 15.1 15.0 15.0 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.0 13.9 13.7 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.4 13.4 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.2 12.2 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.5 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.2 11.1 10.5 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.5 9.2 8.9 6.7

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 9 9 9 12 13 14 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 22 25 25 27 28 28 30 31 31 31 34 34 36 37 37 39 39 39 42 43 44 45 45 47 48 49 50 51

Food Insecurity: access to adequate food is limited by lack of money or other resources

Source: Nord, Mark, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson. Household Food Insecurity in the United States, 2009. ERR-108, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, November 2010.

State of America’s Children® 2011

F-5

Children in Black and Hispanic households are more than twice as likely as children in White households to experience food insecurity.

Number of Children by Food Security Status of Households and Selected Household Characteristics, 2009 In Food Secure Households

In Food Insecure Households 1

Race and Ethnicity of Households

Total

Number (1,000’s)

Percent

Number (1,000’s)

White non-Hispanic Black non Hispanic Hispanic Other

43,582 10,840 15,139 4,646

36,299 7,088 9,861 3,726

83.3% 65.4 65.1 81.0

7,283 3,752 5,278 884

Percent

16.7% 34.6 35.0 19.0

1 Food Insecurity: access to adequate food is limited by lack of money or other resources (same source as chart)

Source: Nord, Mark, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson. Household Food Security in the United States, 2009. ERR-108, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, November 2010.

The number of free or reduced-price school lunches increased 15 percent over the past decade.

National School Lunch Program Fiscal Year

Average participation 1 (in millions)

Total lunches served (in millions)

Percent of free/reduced price lunches

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

24.2 24.1 24.2 24.6 24.9 25.3 25.7 25.9 26.3 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.5 28.0 28.4 29.0 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.0 31.0 31.8

4,004.90 4,009.00 4,050.70 4,101.40 4,137.70 4,201.60 4,253.30 4,313.20 4,409.00 4,425.00 4,513.60 4,575.00 4,585.20 4,716.60 4,762.90 4,842.40 4,976.50 5,027.90 5,071.30 5,208.60 5,186.20 5,278.50

47.2% 48.3 50.4 53.1 54.8 55.9 56.4 56.9 57.6 57.8 57.6 57.1 56.8 57.6 58.5 59.1 59.4 59.3 59.3 60.1 62.5 65.3

1 This including free, reduced and full price lunches.

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, (2011). National school lunch program published tables.

F-6

Children’s Defense Fund

Almost 32 million children participate in the National School Lunch Program. Almost two-thirds of them receive free or reduced-price meals. Since the recession began in late 2007, participation increased by 1.2 million children,

Children in National School Lunch Program, FY 2010 Free Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Reduced Price

Full Price

Total

333,656 31,265 424,527 210,772 2,168,157 198,322 126,467 46,216 34,140 1,045,815 752,091 49,898 81,639 688,772 359,587 131,229 151,311 294,467 361,586 53,411 221,532 237,182 510,883 410,881 282,237 310,656 38,161 88,781 120,798 32,254 342,533 148,942 1,014,790 558,889 23,190 561,058 262,776 185,688 489,071 45,253 311,555 39,484 414,516 2,167,736 127,676 21,861 326,235 289,748 102,855 238,038 19,409

47,961 6,401 61,253 38,169 392,205 41,339 26,326 6,300 3,742 166,881 115,793 14,140 22,133 90,765 78,702 35,171 38,444 51,274 46,473 9,618 42,645 38,659 78,091 115,873 36,269 60,583 9,916 25,639 19,889 8,478 68,563 24,656 174,888 90,752 6,812 94,241 45,580 31,168 101,031 7,214 40,336 10,392 58,134 302,901 39,922 4,785 68,945 60,261 21,258 49,858 6,942

197,592 17,057 183,502 104,846 679,932 160,593 150,862 39,482 8,485 396,381 435,392 53,288 66,065 388,074 369,498 231,280 170,882 210,522 187,876 47,673 169,367 268,289 331,127 716,500 87,071 278,300 39,400 131,846 47,331 69,260 310,491 53,929 637,171 306,172 52,441 476,378 140,860 98,361 569,613 26,065 150,075 58,174 227,226 890,117 178,270 28,417 362,674 193,895 88,568 314,603 30,190

579,210 54,723 669,283 353,787 3,240,295 400,254 303,655 91,998 46,367 1,609,077 1,303,276 117,326 169,837 1,167,611 807,786 397,681 360,637 556,263 595,935 110,702 433,544 544,130 920,101 1,243,254 405,577 649,539 87,478 246,266 188,017 109,991 721,587 227,526 1,826,848 955,813 82,443 1,131,677 449,216 315,217 1,159,714 78,531 501,965 108,050 699,875 3,360,754 345,867 55,063 757,854 543,904 212,682 602,499 56,540

17,487,995

3,037,768

11,431,460

31,957,223

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, unpublished tabulations.

State of America’s Children® 2011

F-7

More than 80 percent of the 11.5 million children in the National School Breakfast Program receive free or reduced-price breakfasts.

Children in National School Breakfast Program, FY 2010 Free

Reduced Price

Full Price

Total

171,944 12,578 193,449 118,721 973,625 78,408 53,892 23,730 17,104 487,285 434,207 20,620 45,134 275,770 168,599 52,773 70,025 178,232 200,843 26,523 104,109 106,252 250,326 95,500 171,090 168,963 17,637 35,887 43,282 13,114 137,876 92,828 433,464 284,425 10,905 275,394 159,172 96,586 220,423 18,749 194,675 17,851 225,336 1,259,525 48,177 13,413 164,825 129,031 59,640 102,631 8,800

15,672 1,957 21,003 15,430 137,367 13,873 6,228 2,324 1,738 55,245 49,673 4,205 8,770 21,912 21,753 8,369 11,618 21,850 17,170 4,171 15,848 10,231 22,551 19,773 14,504 22,881 2,996 6,553 5,433 1,908 16,675 13,007 55,881 30,956 1,899 27,941 20,709 15,083 26,933 1,889 18,426 2,540 23,296 133,390 8,321 2,511 23,175 22,689 9,498 14,005 2,007

29,933 4,133 38,745 23,030 134,056 21,292 11,541 8,473 3,597 102,366 97,647 11,209 16,831 38,993 38,514 23,713 17,951 45,917 36,093 9,548 37,986 22,631 53,310 41,360 18,878 49,837 5,862 17,197 6,578 8,545 26,634 24,311 112,236 55,324 8,187 74,015 38,370 29,507 71,876 3,948 43,003 5,802 43,215 246,751 13,319 6,280 57,058 25,055 26,846 34,894 4,419

217,549 18,668 253,196 157,181 1,245,048 113,574 71,661 34,527 22,438 644,897 581,528 36,034 70,735 336,675 228,866 84,855 99,594 245,999 254,106 40,242 157,943 139,114 326,187 156,634 204,472 241,681 26,495 59,637 55,293 23,567 181,185 130,147 601,581 370,706 20,991 377,350 218,251 141,177 319,232 24,587 256,104 26,193 291,847 1,639,666 69,817 22,204 245,058 176,775 95,984 151,530 15,226

United States

8,563,351

1,033,838

1,926,816

11,524,004

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, unpublished tabulations.

F-8

Children’s Defense Fund

Only one in nine low-income children who received free or reduced-price school lunch during the school year is reached by the Summer Food Service Program.

Children in Summer Food Service Program, FY 2010 National School Lunch Program Total children Reduced-price receiving free or reduced-price meals Free meals meals Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Total children in Summer Food Service Program

381,617 37,665 485,780 248,941 2,560,362 239,661 152,793 52,516 37,882 1,212,696 867,884 64,038 103,772 779,537 438,288 166,401 189,755 345,741 408,059 63,029 264,177 275,841 588,974 526,754 318,506 371,238 48,077 114,420 140,687 40,731 411,096 173,598 1,189,678 649,641 30,002 655,299 308,356 216,856 590,102 291,320 52,466 351,890 49,876 472,650 2,470,637 167,597 26,646 395,180 350,010 124,113 287,896 26,350

333,656 31,265 424,527 210,772 2,168,157 198,322 126,467 46,216 34,140 1,045,815 752,091 49,898 81,639 688,772 359,587 131,229 151,311 294,467 361,586 53,411 221,532 237,182 510,883 410,881 282,237 310,656 38,161 88,781 120,798 32,254 342,533 148,942 1,014,790 558,889 23,190 561,058 262,776 185,688 489,071 255,982 45,253 311,555 39,484 414,516 2,167,736 127,676 21,861 326,235 289,748 102,855 238,038 19,409

47,961 6,401 61,253 38,169 392,205 41,339 26,326 6,300 3,742 166,881 115,793 14,140 22,133 90,765 78,702 35,171 38,444 51,274 46,473 9,618 42,645 38,659 78,091 115,873 36,269 60,583 9,916 25,639 19,889 8,478 68,563 24,656 174,888 90,752 6,812 94,241 45,580 31,168 101,031 35,337 7,214 40,336 10,392 58,134 302,901 39,922 4,785 68,945 60,261 21,258 49,858 6,942

26,657 4,498 17,508 18,884 117,957 10,229 9,068 10,873 35,034 129,940 70,218 6,244 21,365 56,217 54,765 10,463 18,147 50,137 25,912 7,630 49,585 51,810 64,732 65,380 25,671 24,877 7,304 9,260 5,964 4,604 46,265 37,964 382,067 66,533 2,747 69,034 11,665 37,957 99,943 44,103 7,543 58,733 4,986 29,892 162,636 16,777 2,913 50,767 36,744 16,959 90,626 3,779

20,502,836

17,743,977

3,073,105

2,291,566

Summer Food Service participants as percent of School Lunch free or reduced-price recipients 7.0% 11.9 3.6 7.6 4.6 4.3 5.9 20.7 92.5 10.7 8.1 9.8 20.6 7.2 12.5 6.3 9.6 14.5 6.4 12.1 18.8 18.8 11.0 12.4 8.1 6.7 15.2 8.1 4.2 11.3 11.3 21.9 32.1 10.2 9.2 10.5 3.8 17.5 16.9 15.1 14.4 16.7 10.0 6.3 6.6 10.0 10.9 12.8 10.5 13.7 31.5 14.3 11.2

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, unpublished tabulations.

State of America’s Children® 2011

F-9

Almost 3.3 million children receive nutritious meals and snacks in child care programs through the Child and Adult Care Food Program.

Participants in the Child and Adult Care Food Program, FY 2010 Family child care homes

Child care centers

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

5,682 2,868 11,336 4,886 118,566 5,900 4,831 4,687 205 12,313 19,841 762 1,748 28,418 23,988 12,730 27,754 3,836 31,965 7,117 16,955 21,178 38,938 70,948 2,353 13,648 6,479 18,485 882 1,165 2,504 15,914 64,458 13,979 9,206 24,042 17,819 15,237 14,690 442 2,213 6,244 5,471 10,097 35,866 14,256 3,619 11,161 17,985 4,843 17,977 3,359

United States

831,838

Adult care centers

Total

35,467 7,251 30,538 39,260 181,138 29,471 13,672 11,129 5,004 178,140 118,399 8,180 7,260 96,819 41,372 24,812 21,448 39,217 29,907 4,790 22,377 32,235 47,926 26,287 38,014 50,492 7,972 22,934 8,327 5,837 58,327 23,355 217,458 131,714 7,718 99,495 39,645 29,208 113,829 22,833 6,546 24,093 8,650 53,439 256,727 14,670 3,511 46,485 50,800 17,526 43,912 5,881

2,291 130 579 2,904 21,334 491 749 295 50 4,065 3,429 199 0 1,785 212 559 178 2,831 275 85 7,469 4,591 — 429 476 1,181 13 862 353 335 12,497 182 8,438 896 0 1,513 449 270 1,599 — 574 3,217 0 819 23,188 86 252 1,550 808 123 417 —

43,439 10,248 42,453 47,050 321,037 35,862 19,251 16,111 5,259 194,518 141,668 9,141 9,007 127,022 65,572 38,101 49,380 45,883 62,148 11,992 46,801 58,004 86,864 97,663 40,843 65,321 14,464 42,280 9,562 7,337 73,328 39,451 290,354 146,588 16,924 125,049 57,913 44,715 130,118 23,275 9,332 33,553 14,121 64,354 315,781 29,012 7,381 59,196 69,592 22,492 62,306 9,240

2,461,492

115,021

3,408,351

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, unpublished tabulations.

F-10

Children’s Defense Fund

Infants and young children are 76 percent of WIC recipients. Since the recession began in late 2007, participation increased by more than 800,000.

Participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), FY 2008

Children ages 1–4

Women

Infants

Total

33,620 6,187 44,932 24,847 338,479 25,923 13,231 5,026 4,696 126,796 64,697 8,774 10,620 74,182 41,819 17,367 18,320 31,599 37,371 5,933 36,624 30,809 54,938 32,601 23,362 37,932 5,010 10,588 16,659 4,213 39,715 15,016 129,655 64,692 3,092 69,717 25,313 27,404 58,139 5,623 35,029 4,597 44,635 244,307 18,829 3,551 41,744 46,527 12,534 29,795 3,253

37,981 6,246 47,670 26,095 314,978 27,049 15,657 6,339 5,073 124,442 65,085 8,812 10,519 85,693 44,637 17,547 19,386 34,297 41,726 5,817 36,977 29,025 59,385 31,675 32,753 40,547 5,304 10,825 16,586 4,508 42,186 16,036 125,429 68,531 3,225 78,395 25,801 24,990 63,093 5,961 37,548 5,290 47,853 242,889 18,347 3,290 39,611 42,911 12,493 30,454 3,159

69,209 13,383 92,599 43,164 785,549 54,751 31,260 12,663 7,704 254,433 134,951 18,734 25,037 149,995 83,680 40,731 39,283 75,871 69,650 14,740 72,811 68,111 128,952 77,323 54,422 71,666 10,359 23,528 32,852 9,641 87,176 35,619 263,749 141,177 7,067 155,568 51,679 60,854 139,648 14,092 62,176 11,053 82,344 505,258 35,359 10,655 78,795 103,949 28,032 67,643 6,269

140,810 25,816 185,201 94,107 1,439,006 107,722 60,148 24,028 17,473 505,671 264,733 36,320 46,175 309,870 170,137 75,645 76,989 141,768 148,747 26,490 146,411 127,944 243,275 141,598 110,537 150,145 20,673 44,941 66,097 18,362 169,078 66,671 518,833 274,400 13,383 303,679 102,793 113,248 260,879 25,676 134,753 20,940 174,832 992,454 72,535 17,496 160,150 193,387 53,060 127,891 12,680

2,110,322

2,150,125

4,515,211

8,775,657

Data as of March 02, 2011 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Monthly Data - Agency Level, Participation and Food Cost by Category per person: FY 2009 (final), at http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/wicmain.htm. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

F-11

Early Childhood

rom birth to age five children learn social, emotional, behavioral and cognitive competencies that set the foundation for academic success. Unfortunately, factors such as poverty and the “lottery of geography” create barriers to young children’s healthy development. Every 42 seconds a baby is born without health insurance; every minute a baby is born at low birthweight. Cognitive disparities emerge between children from families with low and higher incomes as early as nine months and more often than not, these children are unable to catch up by the time they enter kindergarten. The resulting achievement gap increases over time and can propel children into the cradle to prison pipeline. • More than 24 percent of children under age five are poor; 41.9 percent of Black and 35.0 percent of Hispanic children under five are poor. • Almost 70 percent of mothers with children under six are in the workforce. • The annual cost of center-based child care for a four-year-old is more than the annual in-state tuition at a public four-year college in 33 states and the District of Columbia. • In 18 states, a family must have an income that is below 175 percent of the poverty level ($32,043 for a family of four) to receive a public child care subsidy. • Center-based care varies dramatically in quality. In 15 states the infant/toddler child to staff ratio is 5 to 1 or higher. More than half the states do not offer an infant/ toddler credential or qualifications that show specialized knowledge, skills and professional achievement for this group of children. • Only 10 states require by statute that all school districts offer full-day kindergarten; 44 states and District of Columbia require half-day programs; six states do not require local districts to offer any type of kindergarten program. However, 41 states and the District of Columbia have adopted common core standards that begin assessing student performance in kindergarten despite the unequal coverage across states. • Only 13.8 percent of three-year-olds and 38.9 percent of four-year-olds were in statefunded pre-kindergarten programs, Head Start or special education in 2008-2009.

G-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Our youngest children are most at risk of being poor. Young children of color continue to suffer disproportionately from poverty and extreme poverty.

Trends in Child Poverty Rate, 1969–2009

23.8% 20.7%

Children under 6 Children under 18

0 1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

2009

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table 6. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characterstics: 2009

Children Living in Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 50

Under 18 Under 5

Percent in poverty

41.9% 40 35.7% 33.1%

35.0%

30 24.5% 20.7% 20 14.7%

14.0% 14.3%%

11.9% 10

All children

White, non-Hispanic

Black

Hispanic*

Asian

Children Living in Extreme Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 21.6%

Percent in extreme poverty by race

Percent Poor

Under 18 20

Under 5 17.9% 15.8%

14.1% 11.5%

9.3%

8.4% 6.9%

6.3% 5.0%

All children

White, non-Hispanic

Black

Hispanic*

Asian

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-3

For 10 years, 60 percent or more of women with young children have been in the labor force.

Labor Force Participation of Women with Children Under Age Six, Selected Years All Women Number 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

– – – – – – 6,538,000 8,215,000 9,397,000 10,322,000 10,316,000 10,199,000 9,474,000 9,460,000 9,375,000 10,424,000 10,430,000 10,894,000 10,452,000 10,497,000

– Data not available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

G-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Percent – – – – – – 46.8% 53.5 58.2 64.4 65.3 64.9 64.3 63.0 62.5 62.6 63.0 63.5 63.6 63.6

Married Women Number Percent 1,399,000 2,012,000 2,474,000 3,117,000 3,914,000 4,518,000 5,227,000 6,406,000 7,247,000 7,246,000 7,341,000 7,317,000 7,057,000 7,051,000 6,980,000 7,309,000 7,366,000 7,664,000 7,285,000 7,231,000

11.9% 16.2 18.6 23.2 30.3 36.7 45.1 53.4 58.9 61.8 62.8 62.5 61.1 60.0 59.6 59.8 60.3 61.5 61.6 61.6

Nationally more than 60 percent of children under six and more than 70 percent of school-age children live with parents in the labor force.

Parental Labor Force Participation, 2009 Mothers* in the labor force by age of youngest child (percent) Under age 6 Ages 6–17

Children with mothers in the labor force (percent) Under age 6 Ages 6–17

Children with all parents** in the labor force (percent) Under age 6 Ages 6–17

69.2% 65.5 66.4 70.3 66.0 68.2 75.9 74.5 74.2 70.8 69.0 72.0 62.1 71.2 71.1 78.4 74.5 70.4 71.9 72.5 73.4 75.0 71.6 78.1 74.0 74.6 71.4 77.4 66.9 75.9 69.4 64.6 68.3 69.1 79.8 74.9 64.8 69.5 73.1 78.2 73.9 76.8 69.7 64.9 58.4 74.0 69.7 65.4 63.4 78.2 66.0

77.1% 78.2 75.1 77.8 74.6 79.0 81.0 84.0 77.1 79.1 78.1 83.2 77.5 79.2 80.6 86.4 82.7 73.9 76.4 81.8 84.0 81.2 79.2 84.8 77.2 80.2 81.5 85.2 79.0 84.4 79.1 77.8 77.5 79.0 88.2 80.0 75.5 78.4 79.2 78.7 80.1 85.0 77.3 75.4 74.3 86.2 78.9 77.2 71.4 84.1 81.4

61.2% 52.0 52.1 62.6 54.8 58.5 67.3 63.8 66.5 61.1 60.1 62.1 53.6 60.6 60.0 70.0 63.2 60.6 61.6 62.2 64.9 65.4 61.5 68.1 62.7 63.1 58.6 68.9 55.1 66.1 60.3 54.1 57.9 60.1 71.5 63.5 55.8 59.9 61.7 67.0 62.6 68.8 60.8 55.0 47.2 67.4 59.9 55.5 51.8 68.5 59.4

68.1% 64.7 62.7 68.5 63.5 67.2 72.9 74.5 66.9 70.1 69.0 71.6 65.3 69.5 70.7 77.8 71.7 66.0 69.0 72.1 75.0 72.9 70.0 74.8 68.5 70.4 68.4 76.5 66.9 73.7 69.4 65.9 67.5 69.5 79.4 70.0 63.7 66.9 69.3 70.7 70.8 75.7 68.1 64.7 60.7 77.8 69.2 65.2 61.0 74.0 69.2

65.4% 57.8 59.3 66.8 60.9 62.0 70.4 69.0 71.2 67.5 64.8 69.4 57.2 65.9 64.9 75.4 68.5 63.5 66.4 68.4 70.3 68.5 66.1 72.2 68.1 68.5 64.4 73.5 62.5 69.6 64.8 61.7 61.9 65.8 76.1 68.0 61.7 63.7 66.7 70.7 68.0 72.7 66.0 59.5 49.6 71.7 64.9 60.0 57.1 72.9 66.4

70.5% 69.0 67.5 71.1 67.9 70.3 76.1 78.2 71.1 73.8 72.7 76.8 69.1 72.8 73.8 81.7 76.1 67.7 72.1 75.9 78.2 75.3 72.6 77.8 71.1 73.6 72.4 79.1 72.8 77.4 72.1 71.2 70.0 73.2 83.0 73.6 68.9 70.2 72.2 73.3 74.4 79.2 71.7 68.1 63.2 82.0 72.3 69.1 63.3 78.2 76.2

United States

69.9

78.3

59.4

68.2

64.4

71.7

* Mothers ages 20-64 only. ** This includes children living with both parents, living with their father only and living with their mother only Sources: U.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B23003 and B23008. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-5

Eligibility for public child care subsidies is limited in 18 states to children in families with incomes below 175 percent of the poverty level ($32,043 for a family of three).

Child Care Assistance, 2010 Income Limits for a Family of Three As annual dollar amount Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$ 23,808 46,248 30,216 28,345 45,228 23,803 – 54,108 61,556 36,624 45,775 27,465 35,200 47,124 23,184 36,624 23,256 26,556 33,876 27,468 37,896 45,775 29,990 39,207 23,880 32,994 34,999 23,520 27,468 21,972 43,248 45,775 36,620 36,620 36,620 37,476 29,556 27,468 35,100 33,874 36,620 32,958 27,465 38,150 31,044 27,465 – 44,524 31,992 36,600 27,468 – 45,780 36,624 27,468 33,876 48,175

As percent of poverty 130% 253 165 155 247 130 – 296 336 200 250 150 192 257 127 200 127 145 185 150 207 250 164 214 130 180 191 128 150 120 236 250 200 200 200 205 161 150 192 185 200 180 150 208 170 150 – 243 175 200 150 – 250 200 150 185 263

As percent of state median income 47% 69 54 62 70 37 – 85 75 55 84 49 61 66 46 56 40 45 58 53 73 81 37 50 38 47 79 42 52 37 75 61 45 82 56 69 52 46 73 60 58 47 53 70 60 52 – 85 58 59 40 – 67 56 58 54 79

Note: The income eligibility limits shown in the table represent the maximum income families can have when they apply for child care assistance. States with an income eligibility range are those that have different income limits for different regions of the state. Source: Karen Schulman and Helen Blank, “State Child Care Assistance Policies 2010: New Federal Funds Help States Weather the Storm,” National Women’s Law Center, Table 1A, (September 2010) at http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/statechildcareassistancepoliciesreport2010.pdf.

G-6

Children’s Defense Fund

In 33 States and the District of Columbia the annual cost of center-based child care for a 4-year old is more than the annual in-state tuition at a public four-year college.

Child Care vs. College Costs, 2009 Yearly cost for 4-year-old in center-based care Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$ 5,668 8,268 6,888 4,854 8,234 8,816 10,220 7,280 8,458 6,252 5,676 7,452 5,159 7,810 7,245 7,062 6,880 5,509 4,992 7,606 8,088 13,158 7,549 10,250 4,056 4,628 6,911 6,760 7,132 8,327 9,440 5,931 10,847 7,260 6,341 7,616 5,077 7,500 8,632 9,270 4,756 n/a 4,515 6,454 5,820 7,904 6,656 8,350 5,520 9,039 6,763

Annual in-state tuition at public 4-year college $ 5,538 5,008 5,580 5,762 5,254 5,683 7,891 8,288 3,140 3,309 4,270 5,391 4,612 9,847 6,923 6,435 5,746 6,828 4,085 8,018 7,249 8,201 9,078 8,292 4,942 6,904 5,462 5,878 3,348 10,193 10,375 4,413 5,103 4,373 5,780 8,067 5,011 6,286 10,132 7,648 8,976 5,755 5,680 6,030 4,262 11,316 7,448 5,704 4,703 6,554 3,057

Ratio 1.02 1.65 1.23 0.84 1.57 1.55 1.30 0.88 2.69 1.89 1.33 1.38 1.12 0.79 1.05 1.10 1.20 0.81 1.22 0.95 1.12 1.60 0.83 1.24 0.82 0.67 1.27 1.15 2.13 0.82 0.91 1.34 2.13 1.66 1.10 0.94 1.01 1.19 0.85 1.21 0.53 0.79 1.07 1.37 0.70 0.89 1.46 1.17 1.38 2.21

Sources: National Association of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies, Parents and the High Cost of Child Care 2010 Update, (August 2010), at http://www.naccrra.org/docs/Cost_Report_073010-final.pdf; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics: 2000 (April 2010), Table 335. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-7

Families received more than $3 million in help through the federal Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit in 2008.

Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit, 2008

Number of filers

Amount claimed (in $1,000s)

105,303 14,027 109,510 52,503 689,872 104,304 81,212 23,996 14,495 417,115 230,136 29,552 29,090 271,763 118,718 84,500 65,507 72,860 93,650 27,198 174,001 147,220 170,488 147,491 62,334 125,700 17,157 54,466 53,632 30,496 230,619 28,674 488,561 220,004 18,442 174,417 62,849 67,007 226,583 19,918 102,842 25,244 123,937 512,835 35,909 13,855 191,534 118,198 17,919 106,754 10,885

$54,991 7,725 56,898 26,606 394,308 53,570 42,618 13,252 8,919 226,677 122,070 13,592 13,781 152,016 58,451 39,887 32,413 34,770 49,732 13,891 103,022 75,354 81,681 67,052 34,414 61,249 7,406 26,274 31,040 15,568 135,532 13,756 297,446 110,428 8,926 85,338 30,957 31,394 118,202 10,623 55,405 12,707 64,294 290,891 17,599 7,029 105,099 61,378 8,046 47,689 5,304

6,415,282

$3,437,270

G-8

Children’s Defense Fund

1.6 million children – only one out of six eligible children – were assisted under the Child Care and Development Fund each month in 2008.

Child Care and Development Fund, FY 2008 Monthly Average Number Receiving Assistance Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Families

Children

16,800 2,100 19,400 6,600 67,300 10,900 6,100 3,700 1,400 67,100 29,000 6,700 4,300 37,400 19,000 8,600 11,400 17,500 28,100 2,100 14,300 16,900 36,500 14,000 13,500 21,100 2,800 6,200 3,800 5,300 24,600 12,300 69,600 35,600 2,600 27,600 14,500 12,300 54,200 3,600 12,100 3,200 22,300 65,200 6,500 2,400 14,900 29,000 5,100 15,700 2,700

31,900 3,500 32,100 9,600 105,400 18,900 9,400 6,000 2,000 101,000 54,000 10,400 7,900 68,300 36,100 15,300 21,500 31,200 45,300 3,100 24,400 23,100 70,900 24,800 25,400 35,900 4,500 11,100 6,300 7,700 35,800 20,400 116,400 74,000 4,100 48,200 24,700 22,700 93,400 6,000 21,300 5,100 42,700 120,500 12,500 3,500 23,900 48,400 8,300 28,000 4,400

935,900

1,611,300

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Care, Table 1 Child Care and Development Fund Average Monthly Adjusted Number of Families and Children Served (FFY 2008), at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ccb/data/ccdf_data/ 08acf800/table1.htm. See original source for additional notes. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-9

Just over one million low-income children were enrolled in the Head Start programs during 2009.

Head Start Enrollment, 2009 Total

Funded Enrollment* Early Head Start Head Start Head Start Preschool Migrant

Total

Actual Enrollment** Early Head Start Head Start Head Start Preschool Migrant

16,475 2,997 19,363 9,615 101,039 10,662 7,035 2,059 3,245 39,213 23,610 2,673 3,987 39,225 14,167 7,749 9,057 16,344 19,909 3,873 10,387 13,018 35,855 14,340 25,601 16,793 4,600 5,443 3,116 1,632 12,550 8,907 49,092 20,369 3,353 37,268 16,590 14,129 35,130 1,764 10,943 4,522 16,414 74,903 6,274 1,522 13,800 16,094 7,588 15,763 1,997

647 305 1,133 640 7,474 798 407 173 291 2,799 1,357 377 406 2,732 908 1,077 1,822 1,094 912 580 867 846 2,018 1,105 971 1,344 455 882 276 204 728 909 3,870 1,487 421 1,458 1,136 749 2,328 381 598 635 880 3,943 423 274 1,138 1,657 394 1,159 311

15,592 2,692 17,478 8,575 87,619 9,164 6,628 1,886 2,954 32,718 21,890 2,296 2,784 36,023 13,259 6,672 7,235 15,105 18,917 3,293 9,520 12,099 32,402 12,256 24,630 15,449 4,145 4,496 2,840 1,428 11,631 7,998 44,607 17,681 2,932 35,810 15,454 10,747 32,376 1,383 9,983 3,887 15,534 62,985 5,449 1,248 12,316 10,867 7,194 14,074 1,686

236 0 752 400 5,946 700 0 0 0 3,696 363 0 797 470 0 0 0 145 80 0 0 73 1,435 979 0 0 0 65 0 0 191 0 615 1,201 0 0 0 2,633 426 0 362 0 0 7,975 402 0 346 3,570 0 530 0

18,984 3,520 21,269 11,640 123,309 13,083 8,587 2,505 4,306 45,858 28,088 3,311 4,593 48,675 17,600 9,347 11,703 19,351 22,712 4,812 12,134 15,739 42,370 17,058 28,237 21,443 5,379 6,502 4,380 2,056 14,488 10,431 56,368 23,522 3,914 47,843 19,926 15,899 41,271 2,433 12,464 5,388 19,718 87,158 7,417 1,916 16,072 19,464 8,767 18,739 2,448

880 407 1,699 1,011 12,100 1,334 653 292 395 4,040 1,742 663 654 4,203 1,574 1,587 3,118 1,626 1,216 937 1,341 1,358 3,039 1,697 1,149 2,255 693 1,331 437 374 1,045 1,377 5,481 2,023 624 2,622 1,885 1,025 3,448 739 839 950 1,236 6,164 707 416 1,674 2,850 595 1,729 462

17,920 3,113 18,818 10,183 105,042 11,071 7,934 2,213 3,911 38,627 25,983 2,648 3,158 43,865 16,026 7,760 8,585 17,572 21,408 3,875 10,793 14,304 37,855 14,382 27,088 19,188 4,686 5,105 3,943 1,682 13,267 9,054 50,243 20,317 3,290 45,221 18,041 12,155 37,404 1,694 11,343 4,438 18,482 72,950 6,305 1,500 14,116 13,094 8,172 16,446 1,986

184 0 752 446 6,167 678 0 0 0 3,191 363 0 781 607 0 0 0 153 88 0 0 77 1,476 979 0 0 0 66 0 0 176 0 644 1,182 0 0 0 2,719 419 0 282 0 0 8,044 405 0 282 3,520 0 564 0

United States

891,312

61,148

795,776

34,388

1,056,789

93,287

929,257

34,245

* The number of funded Head Start slots for the year. ** The number of children enrolled at any point during the year. Source: Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP), CLASP DataFinder, at http://www.clasp.org/data. Data are from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 Program Information Report.

G-10

Children’s Defense Fund

Less than three percent of those eligible for Early Head Start and less than 50 percent of those eligible for Head Start were enrolled.

Head Start Enrollment, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 Percent of Enrollment Total actual enrollment Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

White

Black

Hispanic*

Asian, Pacific Islander 0% 5 0 0 6 1 1 1 0 1 0 62 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 0 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 4 0 3 1

0% 57 24 1 4 3 1 0 6 1 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 3 8 1 0 41 6 8 0 0 23 2 3 38 1 25 6 0 1 0 50 0 1 9 1 1 11 0 6 16

22% 19 58 44 39 50 26 10 1 32 22 11 59 23 57 69 53 72 16 85 21 37 46 50 14 53 51 60 54 84 22 39 33 26 49 47 40 60 47 58 11 37 48 60 56 86 34 33 85 51 58

69% 3 3 38 10 7 32 46 83 53 70 6 1 45 26 13 21 17 79 5 62 18 36 20 82 35 1 13 28 4 38 2 26 51 4 39 16 6 34 9 80 5 40 18 2 3 49 7 7 24 2

8% 5 61 16 72 65 48 39 19 33 13 8 38 32 15 19 28 7 2 6 15 42 15 24 3 7 9 28 53 12 48 62 37 24 3 8 16 50 16 27 8 6 9 69 43 3 15 47 1 25 26

American Indian, Alaska Native

Other race, multi-racial or unspecified race 8% 16 14 17 42 39 39 43 11 12 7 21 30 30 15 16 24 9 3 7 14 38 14 17 2 11 8 19 9 9 38 36 34 20 9 13 19 25 18 29 9 7 10 20 30 10 14 45 7 15 23 24

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Note: The total percentage of children is greater than 100 because the data is not disaggregated by Hispanic or non-Hispanic ethnicity, therefore the percentage of children in each group may be inflated. Source: Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP), CLASP DataFinder, at http://www.clasp.org/data. Data are from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 Program Information Report.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-11

In most states less than three percent of the population birth through two receives early intervention services under IDEA

Infants and Toddlers Under Three Receiving Early Intervention Services Under the Individual Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C, by Age and State, 2008 Birth up to 12 months Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

1 years-old

2 years-old

Total

340 113 601 273 6,323 661 496 113 28 1,368 714 828 399 2,097 1,127 660 551 429 935 75 1,005 1,811 1,400 583 299 616 136 181 263 158 653 736 2,890 1,276 179 2,663 550 308 2,678 278 591 108 602 4,064 323 88 720 410 425 639 149

977 211 1,719 982 13,607 1,469 1,394 276 105 3,968 1,878 1,162 608 5,741 3,229 1,259 1,082 1,600 1,668 277 2,300 4,424 3,243 1,386 703 1,301 215 428 675 428 2,902 1,594 9,502 2,980 300 4,840 1,023 783 5,606 573 1,479 359 1,505 8,454 961 236 2,093 1,555 940 1,714 359

1,638 252 3,463 1,623 21,047 2,598 2,713 459 176 7,925 3,131 1,631 947 10,697 5,400 1,657 1,792 2,970 1,185 630 4,010 8,667 5,380 2,610 1,113 1,867 380 799 1,114 825 6,231 2,075 18,758 5,034 456 7,337 1,350 1,499 8,630 913 2,328 661 2,255 14,259 1,825 434 3,508 2,941 1,317 3,627 583

2,955 576 5,783 2,878 40,977 4,728 4,603 848 309 13,261 5,723 3,621 1,954 18,535 9,756 3,576 3,425 4,999 3,788 982 7,315 14,902 10,023 4,579 2,115 3,784 731 1,408 2,052 1,411 9,786 4,405 31,150 9,290 935 14,840 2,923 2,590 16,914 1,764 4,398 1,128 4,362 26,777 3,109 758 6,321 4,906 2,682 5,980 1,091

44,913

108,073

184,720

337,706

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Data Analysis System (DANS), OMB #1820-0557, Infants and Toddlers Receiving Early Intervention Services in Accordance with Part C, 2008. Data updated as of August 3, 2009, at http://www.ideadata.org/arc_toc10.asp# partcCC Note: Please see the Part C Child Count Data Notes on www.IDEAdata.org for information the state submitted to clarify its data submission. *Percentage of population = Number of children birth through 2 served under IDEA Part C, divided by population birth through 2, multiplied by 100. See table C-2 for the denominator.

G-12

Children’s Defense Fund

In 2008–2009, 38 states had state-funded pre-kindergarten programs, but these programs served only 25.4 percent of 4-year-olds and 3.7 percent of 3-year-olds.

Pre-kindergarten Enrollment of 3- and 4-year-olds, 2008–2009 Percent of Age Group Enrolled State-funded pre-kindergarten program 3-year-olds Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

0.0% 0.0 0.0 5.9 5.4 6.0 8.2 0.0 n/a 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.0 1.3 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.9 0.6 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 4.8 4.8 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.8 4.7 0.0 17.3 0.0 2.4 8.5 1.0 0.0 3.7

4-year-olds

State-funded pre-kindergarten program, Head Start, or special education 3-year-olds

4-year-olds

5.5% 0.0 5.4 43.7 12.6 20.2 10.9 7.3 n/a 66.7 53.4 0.0 0.0 28.7 0.0 28.7 21.2 28.3 31.7 19.0 35.1 11.3 19.1 1.6 0.0 3.9 0.0 7.3 2.3 0.0 26.5 16.5 42.6 25.0 0.0 8.1 71.0 8.3 16.4 0.0 38.1 0.0 21.6 45.4 0.0 53.0 14.1 7.2 50.6 48.4 0.0

10.7% 12.5 8.8 21.5 13.0 14.2 18.3 7.3 n/a 8.3 9.6 9.2 7.0 29.6 9.7 11.1 12.5 20.0 18.0 13.0 12.9 13.8 13.8 10.6 24.6 13.0 15.1 12.1 5.5 8.1 26.2 13.6 14.7 7.8 16.9 17.1 14.3 14.1 16.2 9.9 15.6 14.9 9.1 13.5 7.0 29.1 8.0 11.0 19.5 12.8 16.4

23.1% 18.9 20.2 62.7 25.9 32.1 24.4 19.5 n/a 76.8 61.1 14.3 14.5 42.8 14.7 39.2 37.1 44.4 48.2 36.0 47.9 25.7 37.7 15.7 37.6 19.8 22.5 20.6 11.1 11.6 37.4 37.7 56.6 36.0 25.4 24.2 86.6 21.4 31.1 16.0 49.0 25.9 34.7 55.3 11.9 67.8 24.3 19.8 73.3 59.4 26.5

25.4

13.8

38.9

Source: National Institute for Early Education Research, The State of Preschool 2009 (May 2010), Tables 2 and 4.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-13

Only 10 states require by statute that school districts to provide full-day kindergarten; 44 states and the District of Columbia require half-day kindergarten.

States that Require Kindergarten and Have Adopted Common Core K-12 Standards, 2010 State statute requires districts to provide half-day K? Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

State statute requires districts to provide full-day K?

Kindergarten funded at same level as 1st grade?

State has adopted common core K-12 standards?

Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No n/a Yes Yes n/a 1 No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes n/a 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

* The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a state-led effort to establish a shared set of clear educational standards for English language arts and mathematics that states can voluntarily adopt. http://www.corestandards.org/ Source: Education Commission of the States (2010). StateNotes: State Kindergarten Statutes: 50-State Report. Denver, CO Education Commission of the States (2005 update). StateNotes: How states fund full-day Kindergarten. Denver, CO: Author. 1 Hawaii and Rhode Island do not have school funding formulas that permit comparison of relative funding levels of grades. 2 As of fiscal year 2008, Maryland provides funding for kindergarten at a level that is equivalent to that provided for first grade (Md. Code Ann., Educ. ß 5-202). 3 In accordance with a bill passed in 2007 defining an adequate education, every school district in New Hampshire must provide Kindergarten.

G-14

Children’s Defense Fund

The median salary for preschool teachers is only half that of kindergarten teachers.

Annual Salaries of Early Childhood Educators, 2009

Head Start teachers (mean)

Child care workers (median)

Preschool teachers (median)

Kindergarten teachers (median)

Elementary teachers (median)

$ 19,437 24,523 25,577 23,803 31,794 27,340 30,686 19,914 37,191 28,157 23,753 33,571 17,232 32,418 23,254 26,484 26,030 24,984 24,179 25,840 33,922 27,064 27,257 23,211 18,163 22,514 18,935 26,396 28,751 22,420 38,556 24,673 31,767 23,561 25,654 25,567 26,620 24,470 30,779 29,048 19,983 24,005 24,858 25,929 20,161 17,723 27,841 25,116 27,310 27,939 25,612

$ 17,560 23,670 19,970 16,750 23,730 22,890 23,280 20,030 24,590 19,660 18,360 19,660 17,850 22,010 18,940 19,210 18,980 18,430 18,190 21,780 21,940 24,480 21,590 20,340 16,950 19,880 17,740 18,150 19,850 20,520 22,710 18,960 24,040 18,800 17,440 22,030 17,880 21,340 20,170 22,530 17,960 18,300 17,800 18,210 18,640 22,100 21,400 22,520 18,070 23,080 20,720

$ 25,050 29,300 25,440 25,570 30,500 29,850 30,050 23,960 32,680 25,170 24,440 30,860 19,880 28,320 24,140 26,460 28,610 27,000 21,690 27,390 29,000 32,120 31,370 31,050 22,570 24,030 22,970 23,330 23,840 27,040 33,770 25,690 32,920 22,530 25,720 22,130 26,560 24,710 25,610 31,630 25,660 26,380 24,290 26,690 22,980 28,140 27,100 28,660 26,040 23,460 29,280

$ 45,570 63,970 39,480 42,760 56,660 46,560 61,870 50,670 38,930 48,690 47,150 43,730 34,940 45,380 46,570 41,920 44,360 47,860 44,500 44,680 47,190 56,640 50,500 50,580 40,640 42,510 34,800 43,200 41,570 45,060 59,210 52,160 66,450 40,860 38,890 47,530 39,310 45,220 51,220 67,720 45,580 36,190 44,980 47,460 38,550 48,140 55,320 48,050 44,620 45,590 52,320

$ 46,810 68,070 42,450 42,570 61,230 48,010 66,660 50,480 64,200 49,400 52,390 48,730 48,340 58,510 47,540 41,720 41,490 47,350 44,620 45,270 61,000 60,810 54,290 51,290 41,770 43,200 39,540 43,850 47,110 49,280 60,860 50,930 65,820 42,550 42,880 51,970 41,530 50,550 52,370 68,410 45,310 38,350 46,280 49,970 45,730 51,940 58,320 55,960 43,960 51,240 55,390

26,751

20,940

27,450

50,380

53,150

Footnotes: Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by 2080 hours; where an hourly mean wage is not published the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. * Head Start Teacher Salaries 2009 taken from Clasp Data Finder, at http://www.clasp.org/data analysis of Head Start Program Information Report (PIR) Data. U.S. totals include territories. Average includes all programs (including part-day and Migrant/Seasonal). Salary range may vary greatly. Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Query System, data extracted on March 17, 2011, at http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-15

In more than a third of the states, child care center directors and teachers are required to have 10 or fewer hours of training a year.

Number of Ongoing Training Hours Required for Child Center Staff Roles in 2008 (Reported in hours) Alabama Alaska* Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa* Kansas Kentucky* Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York* North Carolina* North Dakota Ohio* Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina* South Dakota Tennessee* Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Director 24 45 every two years 12 10 0 9 1% of hours worked/year 18 18 10 10 0 NL 15 12 8 5 12 3 30 6 20 12 2% of hours worked/year 15 12 15 0 15 6 12 24 30 every two years 20 13 0 20 15 6 20 20 20 18 20 20 12 10 10 15 25 30 every two years

Teacher 12 20 12 10 0 9 1% of hours worked/year 18 18 10 10 0 NL 15 12 6 10 12 3 30 3 20 12 2% of hours worked/year 15 12 8 12 15 6 8 24 30 every two years 20 13 15 12 15 6 20 15 20 12 15 20 12 10 10 15 25 30 every two years

Assistant Teacher 12 NR 12 NR NR 9 1% of hours worked/year 18 18 NR 10 0 NL 15 NR NR 0 NR 0 30 NR 20 NR 2% of hours worked/year 15 NR NR 12 NR 0 NR NR NR NR NR NR 12 15 6 NR 15 20 NR 0 20 12 10 0 15 25 NR

These are minimum hours required by state licensing. NL= Facilty not licensed NR= Role not regulated Source: National Association of Regulatory Administration, Findings from the 2008 Child Care Licensing Study, Table 23. Number of Ongoing Training Hours required for Center Staff Roles in 2008 http://www.naralicensing.org/. NOTE: There may be some exceptions to the ongoing training hour requirements in some states under certain circ*mstances. For example, some states have different training requirements during the first year. See original source for details.

G-16

Children’s Defense Fund

In most states, the child-staff ratio in child care centers is 4:1 for 9-month old infants; in 15 states it is 5:1 or higher.

Infant and Toddler Child-Staff Ratios and Group Sizes, 2008

6 weeks Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

5:1 5:1 5:1 or 11:2 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 NL 4:1 4:1 4:1 3:1 5:1 6:1 4:1 3:1 3:1 or 7:2 4:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 5:1 or 12:2 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 5:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1

Maximum children per caretaker in child care centers 9 months 18 months 27 months 5:1 5:1 5:1 or 11:2 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 NL 4:1 4:1 4:1 3:1 5:1 6:1 4:1 3:1 3:1 or 7:2 4:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 5:1 or 12:2 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 5:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1

7:1 5:1 6:1 or 13:2 9:1 6:1 5:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 6:1 8:1 6:1 NL 5:1 5:1 4:1 5:1 6:1 8:1 4:1 or 5:1 3:1 4:1 or 9:2 4:1 7:1 9:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 8:1 5:1 6:1 6:1 5:1 6:1 4:1 7:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 6:1 6:1 5:1 6:1 9:1 4:1 4:1 5:1 7:1 4:1 4:1 5:1

8:1 6:1 8:1 9:1 6:1 7:1 4:1 8:1 4:1 11:1 10:1 8:1 NL 8:1 5:1 6:1 7:1 10:1 12:1 4:1 or 5:1 6:1 4:1 or 9:2 4:1 7:1 12:1 8:1 8:1 6:1 10:1 6:1 10:1 10:1 5:1 10:1 5:1 7:1 8:1 5:1 6:1 6:1 9:1 5:1 7:1 11:1 7:1 5:1 10:1 7:1 8:1 6:1 8:1

6 weeks NR 10 NR 12 NR 10 8 NR 8 NR 12 8 NL 12 8 NR 9 10 NR 8 6 7 12 8 10 8 NR 12 NR 12 12 NR 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 8 NR 20 8 10 8 8 NR 8 8 8 10

Maximum group size in child care centers 9 months 18 months 27 months NR 10 NR 12 NR 10 8 NR 8 NR 12 8 NL 12 8 NR 9 10 NR 8 6 7 12 8 10 8 NR 12 NR 12 12 NR 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 8 NR 20 8 10 8 8 NR 8 8 8 10

NR 10 NR 18 12 10 8 NR 8 NR 16 12 NL 15 10 NR 10 12 NR 10 or 12 9 9 12 14 10 8 NR NR NR 15 20 NR 12 12 8 14 12 8 10 12 NR 20 12 18 8 8 NR 14 12 8 12

NR 12 NR 18 12 14 8 NR 8 NR 20 NR NL 16 10 NR 14 20 NR 10 or 12 12 9 12 14 14 16 NR NR NR 18 20 NR 12 20 10 14 16 10 12 12 NR 20 14 22 14 10 NR 14 16 12 18

NL - not licensed at the state level NR - not regulated at the state level Note: There may be some exceptions to these ratio and group size requirements in some states under certain circ*mstances. For example, some states have different requirements for small centers, classes with mixed-age groups, or different levels of licensing. See original source for details. Source: National Association for Regulatory Administration (NARA), Findings from the 2008 Child Care Licensing Study, Tables 27 and 28, at http://www.naralicensing.org/.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-17

Most states exceed the recommended maximum child-staff ratios for pre-school age children in licensed centers.

Child-Staff Ratios in Licensed Centers 1 3-year-olds Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Maximum Recommended Level

4-year-olds

5-year-olds

8:1 10:1 13:1 12:1 12:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 8:1 15:1 15:1 12:1 NL 10:1 10:1 8:1 12:1 12:1 14:1 8:1 or 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 14.1 10.1 8:1 10:1 13:1 8:1 10:1 12:1 7:1 15:1 7:1 12:1 12:1 10:1 10:1 9:1 13:1 10:1 9:1 15:1 12:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1

18:1 10:1 15:1 15:1 12:1 12:1 10:1 12:1 10:1 20:1 18:1 16:1 NL 10:1 12:1 12:1 12:1 14:1 16:1 8:1 or 10:1 10:1 10:1 12:1 10:1 16:1 10:1 10:1 12:1 13:1 12:1 12:1 12:1 8:1 20:1 10:1 14:1 15:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 18:1 10:1 13:1 18:1 15:1 12:1 10:1 12:1 13:1 12:1

21:1 14:1 20:1 18:1 14:1 15:1 10:1 15:1 15.1 25:1 20:1 20:1 NL 20:1 15:1 15:1 14:1 15:1 20:1 13:1 15:1 15:1 12:1 10:1 20:1 16:1 10:1 12:1 13:1 15:1 15:1 15:1 9:1 25:1 12:1 14:1 15:1 15:1 10:1 12:1 21:1 10:1 16:1 22:1 20:1 12:1 15:1 12:1 17:1 12:1

7:1

8:1 to 10:1

8:1 to 10:1 2

NL – not licensed at the state level NR – not regulated at the state level 1 There may be some exceptions to these ratio and group size requirements in some states under certain circ*mstances. For example, some states have different requirements for small centers, classes with mixed-age groups, or different levels of licensing. See original source for details. 2 Maximum Recommended Level: As recommended in the accreditation guidelines developed by the National Association for the Education of Young Children and in the National Health and Safety Performance Standards developed by the American Public Health Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Source: National Association for Regulatory Administration, Findings from the 2008 Child Care Licensing Study, Table 27, Center Child-Staff Ratio Requirements in 2008 at .

G-18

Children’s Defense Fund

In nearly half the states, small family child care homes are not required to be licensed until five or more children are in the home.

Licensing of Small Family Child Care Homes, 2008

Number of children for licensing to be required

Visit before licensing

1 5 6 6 3 3 1 1 1 3 4 4 7 5 7 7 1 5 Voluntary Licensing Only 4 1 1 1 4 7 6 3 5 6 3 Voluntary Licensing Only 5 3 4 6 8 1 4 5 6 1 12 5 1 6 4 7 1 4 5 4

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes

Source: Leaving Children to Chance: NACCRRA's Ranking of State Standards and Oversight of Small Family Child Care Homes: 2010 Update http://www.naccrra.org/publications/naccrrapublications/publications/Lvng%20Children%202% 20Chance_alpha_rank_031510.pdf

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-19

In 35 states a high school diploma is not required for family providers in small family child care homes.

Initial Training Requirements (Selected) for Small Family Child Care Homes and Annual Training Requirements, 2008

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho IlliNois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

High school diploma required

Number of pre-service (initial) training hours

Number of annual training hours required

CPR training

First-aid training

Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes

32 10 60 12 15 26 6 14 9 40 8 8 — 8 0 0 2 14 — 12 32 11 14 8 0 0 8 12 0 17 — 0 15 8 8 — 12 15 0 36 0 — 7 0 10 0 — 12 0 40 6

20 16 12 10 4 19 0 12 15 10 4 4 — 15 0 — 0 13 — 16 6 7 16 8 0 12 12 12 15 9 — 6 15 12 9 — 12 4 6 16 15 — 14 0 20 9 — 10 8 15 15

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No

— Information was not provided in the original report. Source: Leaving Children to Chance: NACCRRA's Ranking of State Standards and Oversight of Small Family Child Care Homes, 2010, at http://www.naccrra.org/publications/naccrra-publications/publications/854-0000_Lvng%20Children%202%20Chance_rev_031510.pdf; and NACCRRA, Initial Training Requirements, Annual Training Requirements, and Areas of Training Required in Initial Training, FCC Providers, at http://www.naccrra.org/randd/data/ FamilyProviderTraining.php

G-20

Children’s Defense Fund

Education

merican education, which used to be the envy of the world, is in dire straits. The United States ranks 24th among 30 developed countries on overall educational achievement for 15-year-olds. Many public school students, kindergarten through 12th grade, are struggling; minority children and poor children struggle the most. Too often they fall behind in school and drop out, increasing their risk of entering the cradle to prison pipeline. Staying in school and receiving a quality education are the best deterrents to juvenile delinquency and the surest route towards responsible, productive adulthood. • American schools are resegregating: 78 percent of Hispanic students and 73 percent of Black students are in predominantly minority schools. • More than 60 percent of fourth, eighth and 12th grade public school students are reading or doing math below grade level. Seventy-nine percent or more of Black and Hispanic students in these grades are reading or doing math below grade level. • Black, Hispanic, and American Indian students are underrepresented in gifted and talented programs, but Black children are in special education classes for children with mental retardation and emotional disturbances at much higher rates than other children. • Black students are more than three times as likely as White or Asian/Pacific Islander and more than twice as likely as Hispanic students to be suspended from school. • Thirty-five percent of Black and 29 percent of Hispanic high school students attend the more than 1,600 “dropout factories” across our country, where less than 60 percent or fewer of the freshman class will graduate in four years with a regular diploma. • Black high school students have the lowest averaged freshman graduation rate (61.5%) of any group, with Hispanic students’ graduation rate only slightly higher; Asian/Pacific Islander students have the highest graduation rate (91.4%). • The Black/White gap in college completion persists, and the Hispanic/White college completion gap is even greater. College graduates’ lifetime earnings are more than one and a half times those of high school graduates and more than twice the earnings of high school dropouts. • The U.S. spends almost two and a half times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil. Almost half of the states spend more than three times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil. • In a study of education systems in 60 countries, the United States ranked 31st in math achievement and 23rd in science achievement for 15-year-old students. • Almost one in five high school students admitted carrying a weapon in 2007; one-third of those students brought the weapon to school. One in 20 admitted carrying a gun. More than one-third had been in a physical fight. • One in 18 high school students reported staying home from school because they felt unsafe at school or going to or from school. H-2

Children’s Defense Fund

How America Ranks Among Industrialized Countries in Education Science PISA Score

China Finland China (Hong Kong) Singapore Japan Korea New Zealand Canada Estonia Australia Netherlands Taiwan Germany Liechtenstein Switzerland United Kingdom Slovenia China(Macao) Poland Ireland Belgium Hungary United States Czech Republic Norway Denmark France Iceland Sweden Austria Latvia Portugal

574.6 554.1 549.0 541.7 539.4 538.0 532.0 528.7 527.8 527.3 522.2 520.4 520.4 519.9 516.6 513.7 511.8 511.1 508.1 508.0 506.6 502.6 502.0 500.5 499.9 499.3 498.2 495.6 495.1 494.3 493.9 492.9

Reading

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

PISA Score

China (Shanghai) Korea Finland China (Hong Kong) Singapore Canada New Zealand Japan Australia Netherlands Belgium Norway Estonia Switzerland Poland Iceland United States Liechtenstein Sweden Germany Ireland France Taiwan Denmark United Kingdom Hungary Portugal China (Macao) Italy Latvia Slovenia Greece

555.8 539.3 535.9 533.2 525.9 524.2 520.9 519.9 514.9 508.4 505.9 503.2 501.0 500.5 500.5 500.3 499.8 499.3 497.4 497.3 495.6 495.6 495.2 494.9 494.2 494.2 489.3 486.6 486.1 484.0 483.1 482.8

Math

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

PISA Score

China (Shanghai) Singapore China (Hong Kong) Korea Taiwan Finland Liechtenstein Switzerland Japan Canada Netherlands China (Macao) New Zealand Belgium Australia Germany Estonia Iceland Denmark Slovenia Norway France Slovak Republic Austria Poland Sweden Czech Republic United Kingdom Hungary Luxembourg United States Ireland

600.1 562.0 554.5 546.2 543.2 540.5 536.0 534.0 529.0 526.8 525.8 525.3 519.3 515.3 514.3 512.8 512.1 506.7 503.3 501.5 498.0 496.8 496.7 495.9 494.8 494.2 492.8 492.4 490.2 489.1 487.4 487.1

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Note:The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an internationally standardised assessment that was jointly developed by participating economies and administered to15-year-olds in schools. Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, International Data Explorer, PISA IDE, at http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/idepisa/report.aspx.

Cumulative Expenditures by Educational Institutions Per Student Across the Duration of Primary and Secondary Studies, 2007

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

xe m Sw bou itz rg er la n Un No d ite rwa y d St at Ic es el De and nm ar Un k ite Au d str Ki ia ng do Ire m la Sw nd ed en Ita Au ly st ra Be lia lg iu Fr m an Ca ce na da Ja Ge pan rm an y Ne Sp th ain er la Sl nds ov en Fi ia nl an Ko d P rea Ne ort w ug Ze al al an Cz d Ru ec I sr h a ss ia Rep el n Fe ubl de ic ra ti Es on to Hu nia ng a Sl ov Po ry ak la Re nd pu b M lic ex ic o Ch ile Br az il

Cumulative expenditures in equivalent USD

250,000

Source: OECD (2010), Education at a Glance 2010: OECD Indicators, Table B1.3a. Cumulative expenditure by educational institutions per student for all services over the theoretical duration of primary and secondary studies (2007), at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932310282.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-3

The Four Americas How 15-year-old Minority Youth Compare to Other Youth Around the World

American 15 year olds rank 17th among industrialized countries in Reading. • Asian students rank 2nd, just behind China and ahead of Korea. • White students rank 7th, just behind Singapore and ahead of Canada. • Hispanic students rank 43rd, just behind Lithuania and ahead of Turkey. • Black students rank 49th, just behind Serbia and ahead of Bulgaria. American 15 year olds rank 31st among industrialized countries in Math. • Asian students rank 13th, just behind Macao and ahead of New Zealand. • White students rank 16th, just behind Belgium and ahead of Australia. • Hispanic students rank 43rd, just behind Croatia and ahead of Dubai. • Black students rank 52nd, just behind Uruguay and ahead of Chile. American 15 year olds rank 23rd among industrialized countries in Science. • Asian students rank 7th, just behind Korea and ahead of New Zealand. • White students rank 9th, just behind New Zealand and ahead of Canada. • Hispanic students rank 44th, just behind Dubai and ahead of Israel. • Black students rank 52nd, just behind Bulgaria and Uruguay and ahead of Romania.

H-4

Children’s Defense Fund

College graduates earn more than twice as much annually as those with only a high school diploma and more than two-and-a-half times the amount earned by high school dropouts. Lifetime earnings follow a similar pattern.

Earnings by Educational Attainment, 2009 Mean Earnings of Persons Who Worked Full-Time, Year-Round Highest level of education

Earnings

Amount

Increase

Some high school, no diploma High school, including GED Some college, no degree Associate (2-year) degree College degree or more

$29,785 38,745 45,200 48,886 79,105

8,960 6,455 3,686 30,219

Percent

30.1% 16.7 8.2 61.8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2010 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Table PINC-04, Educational Attainment ñ People 18 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2009, Work Experience in 2009, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. Calculations by Childrenís Defense Fund.

Expected Lifetime Earnings by Education Level Compared to High School Grad

Not a high school graduate High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor’s degree Bachelor’s degree or higher Master’s degree Doctoral degree Professional degree

Compared to High School Dropout

Lifetime earnings

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

$ 941,370 1,266,730 1,518,300 1,620,730 2,054,380 2,284,110 2,401,565 3,073,240 3,706,910

0.74 1.00 1.20 1.28 1.62 1.80 1.90 2.43 2.93

$ -325,360

1.00 1.35 1.61 1.72 2.18 2.43 2.55 3.26 3.94

251,570 354,000 787,650 1,017,380 1,134,835 1,806,510 2,440,180

Amount

$ 325,360 576,930 679,360 1,113,010 1,342,740 1,460,195 2,131,870 2,765,540

Source: College Board, Education Pays: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society, 2007 (2009), Appendix A, p. 44.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-5

American schools are resegregating 56 years after Brown v. Board of Education outlawed school segregation.

Racial Isolation of Black and Latino Students in the Public Schools, 1968–2006 Percent of Black Students in: Predominantly (>50%) minority Schools

1968 1980 1988 1991 2005 2006

77% 63 63 66 73 73

Intensely segregated (90–100%) minority schools

64% 33 32 34 38 39

Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies (2007), Tables 10 and 14; and Gary Orfield, Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge (January 2009), Table 23.

Percent of Latino Students in: Predominantly (>50%) minority schools

1968 1980 1984 1988 1994 2005 2006

55% 68 71 74 74 78 78

Intensely segregated (90–100%) minority schools

23% 29 31 33 34 39 40

Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies (2007), Tables 16 and 17; and Gary Orfield, Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge (January 2009), Table 23.

Southern schools, which became the least segregated in the nation in the 50 years following Brown, are rapidly resegregating.

Change in Black Segregation in the South, 1954–2005 Percent of Black Students in Majority White Schools 1954 1960 1964 1967 1968 1970 1972 1976 1980 1986 1988 1991 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2005

0.001% 0.1 2.3 13.9 23.4 33.1 36.4 37.6 37.1 42.9 43.5 39.2 36.6 34.7 32.7 31.0 30.2 27.0

(one in 100,000) (one in 1,000)

(330 in 1,000)

(435 in 1,000)

(270 in 1,000)

Source: Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies (2007), Table 8.

H-6

Children’s Defense Fund

More than 60 percent of all public students in fourth, eighth and 12th grades are not reading or doing math at grade level. Seventy-nine percent or more of Black and Hispanic students in these same grades are not reading or doing math at grade level.

Reading and Math Performance Percent of Public School Students Not Reading or Doing Math at Grade Level: NAEP Scores for fourth, eighth and 12th Grade Reading

Math

Fourth graders Total, all races White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander American Indian, Alaska Native

68% 59 85 84 52 78

62% 50 85 79 39 77

70 61 87 84 56 79

67 57 88 83 47 80

64 55 84 79 51

75 69 94 90 48

Eighth graders Total, all races White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander American Indian, Alaska Native 12th graders Total, all races White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander

Percent of Public School Students Reading or Doing Math at Grade Level Fourth graders Eligible for school lunch Not eligible for school lunch

83% 55

78% 46

Eighth graders Eligible for school lunch

84%

83%

Not eligible for school lunch

Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2009 (2009), Tables A-11, A-12, A-14, A-19, A-20 and A-22; U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2009 (2009), Tables A-11, A-12, A14, A-19, A-20 and A-22; and U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Grade 12 Reading and Mathematics 2009 (2010) National and Pilot State Results, Figure 22 and 24, Table A-6 and A-16. Calculations of children who are not proficient at specified grade levels by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-7

Eighty percent or more of Black fourth grade public school students are performing below grade level in reading and math in 33 states and the District of Columbia.

Reading and Math Performance of Fourth Graders, 2009 Percent of Fourth-Grade Public School Students Performing Below Grade Level Reading

Math

Asian, Pacific Black Hispanic Islander

American Indian, Alaska Native

Total

American Asian, Indian, Pacific Alaska White Black Hispanic Islander Native

Total

White

72% 73 75 71 76 60 58 65 83 64 71 74 68 68 66 66 65 64 82 65 63 53 70 63 78 64 65 65 76 59 60 80 64 68 65 64 72 69 63 64 72 67 72 72 69 59 62 67 74 67 67

64% 62 63 65 61 49 48 53 25 55 60 58 64 56 62 64 60 61 72 64 50 44 64 57 65 60 63 60 66 58 49 65 55 56 63 58 67 65 58 56 62 63 66 57 64 58 53 60 74 62 66

87% 87 80 86 86 73 78 81 89 82 85 82 — 89 85 78 80 87 91 82 81 77 91 88 90 84 — 81 86 72 82 87 82 86 — 87 89 83 85 83 89 — 88 80 86 71 82 79 84 91 —

82% 73 86 84 89 82 85 76 83 69 80 73 86 84 85 80 80 78 84 — 70 80 83 87 81 74 74 80 87 70 81 86 78 83 — 70 83 87 86 86 83 71 84 82 90 — 74 86 — 84 78

— 81% 59 — 52 47 45 43 — 44 47 78 67 37 — 54 50 44 — — 41 44 58 66 — — — 60 62 55 38 61 48 48 — — — 57 39 70 — — — 48 70 — 43 65 — 64 —

— 91% 88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 80 — — 84 — — — — 90 — 82 84 — 73 83 — — — 89 — — 83 — — 73 — 82 81

76% 62 72 64 70 55 54 64 83 60 66 63 59 62 58 59 54 63 77 55 56 43 65 46 78 59 55 62 68 44 51 74 60 57 55 55 67 63 54 61 66 58 72 62 59 49 57 57 72 55 60

66% 48 56 54 49 43 42 50 19 47 52 49 56 48 52 55 45 61 63 54 40 33 57 39 63 54 51 55 54 43 37 53 50 41 51 46 60 57 47 50 54 53 64 39 52 49 46 49 72 47 56

93% 83 81 88 87 77 86 83 91 80 85 67 — 89 87 83 82 86 92 72 79 70 91 75 92 83 — 90 88 — 81 81 81 82 — 86 86 82 83 85 86 83 93 77 85 — 84 76 80 89 —

89% 73 85 74 86 76 82 78 76 67 74 72 82 80 77 83 76 78 77 — 68 75 80 71 — 63 59 84 81 69 75 82 75 73 — 75 80 84 77 86 72 73 81 74 84 — 72 80 — 78 78

— 65% 55 — 39 49 35 34 — 27 40 65 — 27 — 34 36 31 — — 33 30 45 56 — 38 — 45 55 33 28 — 33 38 — — — 52 38 60 — — — 29 61 — 36 44 — 61 —

— 86% 87 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 73 — — 77 — — — — 86 — 70 83 — 71 85 — — — 85 — — 83 — — 79 — 79 —

United States

— Data not reported because number of students too small to calculate a reliable rate. Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2009 (2010), Tables A–11 and A–12; and U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2009 (2009), Tables A–11 and A–12. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-8

Children’s Defense Fund

More than two-thirds of eighth grade public school students are unable to read or do math at grade level. For Black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native students, the percentages range from 79 to 88.

Reading and Math Performance of Eighth Graders, 2009 Percent of Eighth-Grade Public School Students Performing Below Grade Level Reading

Math

Asian, Pacific Black Hispanic Islander

American Indian, Alaska Native

Total

American Asian, Indian, Pacific Alaska White Black Hispanic Islander Native

Total

White

76% 73 73 73 78 68 57 69 86 68 73 78 67 67 68 68 67 67 80 65 64 57 69 62 81 66 62 65 78 61 58 78 67 71 66 63 74 67 60 72 76 63 72 73 67 59 68 64 78 66 66

69% 64 61 67 63 59 49 59 — 60 65 65 63 58 64 66 61 65 72 65 52 51 64 56 69 62 60 61 69 60 49 62 56 61 65 58 71 63 54 66 66 60 66 58 63 59 60 59 78 61 64

91% 88 79 92 89 85 89 84 90 85 85 80 — 90 85 88 86 85 90 78 84 83 91 90 92 86 — 88 90 — 83 84 87 88 — 87 84 — 84 91 90 — 89 87 — — 86 87 82 91 —

77% 75 85 81 87 84 81 79 79 73 80 76 89 82 85 82 84 70 — — 75 83 74 84 — 75 — 81 87 73 80 86 84 81 — 84 86 86 88 89 70 — 79 83 87 — 78 83 — 85 77

— 79% 44 — 65 57 36 62 — 36 39 81 — 40 — — 64 — — — 40 50 — 70 — — — — 72 — 36 — 51 54 — — — 52 40 65 — — — 47 67 — 52 58 — 66 —

— 89% 87 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 75 — — — — — — 74 — — 80 — — — — 88 — 84 78 — 75 72 — — — 84 — — 90 — — 75 — — —

80% 67 71 73 77 60 60 68 89 71 73 75 62 67 64 66 61 73 80 65 60 48 69 53 85 65 56 65 75 57 56 80 66 64 57 64 76 63 60 72 70 58 75 64 65 57 64 61 81 61 65

71% 56 58 66 61 49 51 57 — 61 61 69 57 56 59 63 55 71 71 64 44 41 63 47 75 61 53 59 64 56 46 61 56 51 54 59 71 59 55 65 57 54 70 46 60 56 56 54 80 55 62

94% 83 77 92 90 84 90 87 92 87 89 79 — 91 86 91 85 92 93 86 85 77 95 87 95 89 — 90 90 — 83 87 87 88 — 89 90 88 87 92 88 — 90 83 — — 86 84 89 89 —

90% 77 84 85 89 82 86 78 82 78 82 74 85 83 81 85 78 78 — — 74 79 83 79 — 63 73 90 87 78 78 88 85 76 — 84 88 85 82 92 84 87 81 75 89 — 77 87 — 80 85

— 69% 48 — 54 45 39 31 — 45 51 75 — 40 — — — — — — 24 34 41 65 — — — — 67 38 23 — 37 35 — — 62 50 40 60 — — — 33 73 — 45 47 — 60 —

— 85% 88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 79 — — 84 — — — — 90 — 86 84 — 81 75 — — — 83 — — 82 — — 77 — — —

United States

— Data not reported; number of students too small to calculate a reliable rate. Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2009 (2010), Tables A–19 and A–20; and U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2009 (2009), Tables A–19 and A–20. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-9

Alaska, New York and the District of Columbia rank in the top five for public school per pupil expenditures but have graduation rates below the national average.

Public School Education, Selected Indicators Pupil/ teacher ratio Fall 2008

Averaged freshman graduation rate* 2007–2008

Expenditures per pupil 2007–2008 Dollars Rank

15.6 16.5 19.9 12.9 20.8 16.8 11.7 15.1 12.9 14.1 13.9 15.9 18.2 15.6 16.7 13.6 13.1 15.4 16.6 12.1 14.3 13.6 17.5 15.7 14.7 13.5 14.8 14.4 19.7 12.6 12.0 14.5 12.6 13.6 11.6 16.1 13.9 19.1 13.7 12.8 14.4 13.7 15.0 14.5 23.7 10.7 17.3 19.1 14.0 14.7 12.5

69.0% 69.1 70.7 76.4 71.2 75.4 82.2 72.1 56.0 66.9 65.4 76.0 80.1 80.4 74.1 86.4 79.1 74.4 63.5 79.1 80.4 81.5 76.3 86.4 63.9 82.4 82.0 83.8 51.3 83.4 84.6 66.8 70.8 72.8 83.8 79.0 78.0 76.7 82.7 76.4 — 84.4 74.9 73.1 74.3 89.3 77.0 71.9 77.3 89.6 76.0

$ 9,197 14,641 7,727 8,677 9,706 9,152 14,610 12,153 16,353 9,084 9,718 11,800 6,951 10,353 8,867 9,520 9,883 8,740 10,006 11,761 13,235 13,667 10,075 10,048 7,890 9,532 9,786 10,565 8,187 11,951 17,620 9,291 16,794 7,798 9,324 10,340 7,683 9,565 11,741 14,459 9,060 8,535 7,820 8,350 5,978 14,421 10,664 9,058 10,059 10,791 13,856

United States

15.3

74.9

$10,297

34 4 48 41 28 35 5 11 3 36 27 13 50 19 39 31 25 40 24 14 10 9 21 23 45 30 26 18 44 12 1 33 2 47 32 20 49 29 15 6 37 42 46 43 51 7 17 38 22 16 8

* Percent of 9th graders who graduate within four years with a regular diploma. Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2010, Table 70, accessed March 16th, 2011; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public School Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data: School Year 2007-08 (NCES 2010-341), Table 1; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2010, Table 191, accessed March 16th, 2011. Ranks calculated by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-10

Children’s Defense Fund

The averaged graduation rate for Black students is 20 percentage points below White students and 30 percentage points below that for Asian/Pacific Islander students. Graduation rates for Hispanic students and American Indian/Alaska Native students are only slightly higher than those for Black students.

Graduation Rates, by Race, 2007–2008 Averaged Freshman Graduation Rates of Public Secondary Schools

Total

White

69.0% 69.1 70.7 76.4 71.2 75.4 82.2 72.1 56.0 66.9 65.4 76.0 80.1 80.4 74.1 86.4 79.1 74.4 63.5 79.1 80.4 81.5 76.3 86.4 63.9 82.4 82.0 83.8 51.3 83.4 84.6 66.8 70.8 72.8 83.8 79.0 78.0 76.7 82.7 76.4 NA 84.4 74.9 73.1 74.3 89.3 77.0 71.9 77.3 89.6 76.0

73.9% 70.3 73.6 77.7 80.1 82.9 87.5 NA 88.9 70.1 70.7 72.7 81.7 87.7 75.9 88.0 82.4 74.2 71.9 NA 84.9 84.4 81.6 90.3 67.0 85.2 84.7 88.6 NA 83.3 88.3 74.7 82.7 77.3 87.8 84.4 79.0 77.1 86.9 79.0 NA 88.3 77.3 81.6 77.9 81.1 80.8 73.6 77.3 94.0 78.5

United States

74.9

81.0

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

60.6% 51.8 76.9 70.2 57.4 65.1 71.1 NA 58.8 55.7 57.4 69.6 78.2 61.5 52.6 71.9 64.7 67.8 53.3 NA 73.0 69.6 59.2 66.6 60.5 68.0 64.6 57.0 NA 100.0 72.9 71.4 54.7 61.9 95.1 55.5 72.4 65.8 64.5 74.7 NA 88.4 67.4 65.7 54.4 91.2 65.3 58.2 72.3 63.1 61.8

62.2% 90.7 66.7 77.9 61.2 56.7 65.8 NA 54.2 63.9 55.4 71.3 68.7 69.6 66.6 70.2 62.2 75.6 72.3 NA 75.9 64.7 63.8 62.3 65.9 83.6 69.5 67.2 NA 48.1 76.4 62.3 53.1 63.7 63.7 65.6 73.0 71.0 67.8 70.1 NA 71.0 72.3 65.9 50.6 100.0 70.5 60.3 87.8 75.0 65.5

87.3% 76.6 98.5 100.0 91.1 92.1 99.0 NA 74.4 91.4 92.9 77.3 91.5 100.0 100.0 93.2 93.4 100.0 86.1 NA 100.0 89.1 94.8 87.9 88.3 100.0 100.0 97.8 NA 99.2 100.0 100.0 84.2 86.9 85.9 95.3 100.0 91.2 100.0 74.4 NA 97.4 94.3 98.6 73.5 81.8 99.1 84.4 100.0 97.5 98.5

82.3% 51.9 56.3 86.9 65.3 62.0 65.8 NA 100.0 70.3 72.1 80.3 65.8 95.8 69.8 63.6 63.9 51.0 65.2 NA 73.4 66.8 66.6 55.6 58.0 93.2 63.3 55.1 NA 60.0 100.0 61.0 55.5 60.7 47.0 74.1 76.4 62.8 63.8 78.0 NA 51.3 71.9 80.1 57.6 83.9 55.2 50.6 70.0 73.9 38.5

61.5

63.5

91.4

64.2

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public School Graduates and Dropouts From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2007-08 (NCES 2010-341), tables 2 and 3. Data from “NCES Common Core of Data State Dropout and Completion Data File,” School Year 2007-08, Version 1a, at http://dashboard.ed.gov/

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-11

The U.S. spends almost two and a half times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil.

Spending on Prisoners vs. Spending on Public School Students, 2007

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois** Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Expenditure per prisoner

Expenditure per pupil

$ 13,518 63,979 22,984 18,788 37,709 22,429 45,004 47,266

1.61 5.19 3.13 2.24 4.21 2.71 3.29 4.02

20,534 26,926 26,928 19,037 10,422 52,077 44,342 78,580 29,843 24,307 12,832 17,838 32,018 20,208 17,496 27,005 37,839 38,079 38,483 30,357 35,695 15,940 17,379 26,124 30,701 55,452 17,133 25,659 15,691 17,140 29,044 30,948 21,017 35,267 37,364 33,175 36,306

$ 8,398 12,324 7,338 8,391 8,952 8,286 13,659 11,760 15,511 8,567 9,102 11,060 6,648 9,596 9,080 8,791 9,243 7,940 8,937 11,644 11,975 12,857 9,922 9,589 7,459 8,848 9,191 10,068 7,806 11,037 16,163 8,849 15,546 7,878 8,671 9,940 7,430 8,958 10,905 13,453 8,566 8,064 7,129 7,850 5,706 13,629 10,214 8,524 9,727 10,367 13,266

22,722

9,683

2.35

18,994 19,700 41,107 22,199

Ratio

2.22 2.16 3.72 3.34 2.26 3.06 2.91 2.40 1.17 4.47 3.70 6.11 3.01 2.53 1.72 2.02 3.48 2.01 2.24 2.45 2.34 4.30 2.48 3.85 4.12 1.60 2.34 2.92 2.82 4.12 2.00 3.18 2.20 2.18 5.09 2.27 2.06 4.14 3.84 3.20 2.74

* The District of Columbia does not have a prison system. ** Illinois did not provide data. Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Justice Expenditure and Employment Abstracts, 2007 (September 2010), Table cjee0710, Detail of direct expenditure for correctional activities of State governments by character and object, fiscal 2007, at ; U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 (June 2008), Appendix Table 2; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (April 2010), Table 185. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-12

Children’s Defense Fund

Black students are more than three times as likely as White or Asian/Pacific Islander students and more than twice as likely as Hispanic students to be suspended.

School Discipline, 2006 Number of Suspensions per 100 Public School Students

Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

White

10.113 5.895 5.892 7.313 7.507 6.031 6.838 10.938 0.360 10.459 8.831 5.473 3.585 6.439 7.377 2.963 5.091 6.565 10.349 4.565 7.087 5.563 8.205 3.731 10.216 7.286 4.475 3.702 7.400 5.567 5.670 5.265 3.799 10.763 2.173 6.246 4.887 4.942 6.786 8.380 11.882 2.686 7.240 5.563 3.197 3.994 7.233 5.947 10.206 4.970 2.850

4.835 8.209 9.973 4.684 12.238 8.652 5.218 — — 7.170 3.742 5.996 8.607 2.906 6.063 5.181 5.807 3.791 6.791 6.365 8.543 4.976 6.754 10.016 12.689 6.999 9.597 6.712 6.612 — 3.654 8.282 4.473 14.883 8.047 3.724 3.992 7.169 3.425 11.771 9.571 6.841 3.415 3.053 6.859 — 4.039 11.305 8.201 13.506 6.416

3.188 4.609 2.609 3.492 3.268 3.242 2.386 3.312 — 2.871 2.110 5.528 1.649 1.664 1.791 1.605 2.921 1.514 2.618 2.935 2.156 2.520 2.202 2.463 3.000 2.888 2.333 1.913 3.859 2.235 1.433 2.526 0.690 2.661 — 2.055 1.778 2.091 2.669 7.162 2.873 2.988 2.694 1.625 4.210 — 2.065 3.689 2.369 2.119 —

4.289 5.944 6.359 4.879 7.876 8.138 11.407 9.216 — 7.702 5.424 5.655 5.105 5.971 7.383 3.190 6.559 3.982 4.716 5.732 12.907 11.952 7.422 5.350 4.259 5.366 3.501 5.047 8.482 12.104 6.897 5.388 2.790 7.206 3.139 5.970 5.309 5.479 8.694 12.576 6.500 4.310 5.351 5.730 6.662 4.121 5.598 7.158 11.208 7.528 3.102

18.272 10.014 11.805 15.892 17.093 13.153 17.182 20.058 0.400 19.334 15.007 7.008 3.486 14.478 17.266 11.432 14.614 13.324 14.643 8.956 8.176 10.277 17.782 14.432 14.757 20.153 4.919 12.584 15.476 8.733 12.371 6.988 7.285 20.027 5.003 14.602 12.056 8.807 18.903 14.617 19.220 7.122 12.847 12.674 7.759 5.838 13.939 11.979 21.493 19.721 3.168

5.801 4.564 4.462 5.011 5.962 4.544 4.019 6.384 — 7.863 4.798 4.879 3.278 3.758 5.957 2.432 3.824 5.809 7.063 4.453 5.760 4.230 6.091 2.427 5.548 4.573 3.737 2.564 5.139 5.365 3.668 3.951 3.350 6.480 1.478 4.558 3.910 4.780 4.165 6.664 6.892 1.934 5.538 2.887 2.432 3.989 4.723 5.255 9.683 2.714 2.721

6.864

7.931

2.712

6.777

14.982

4.760

— Number too small to calculate a stable rate. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-13

In 2007 almost one in five high school students admitted carrying a weapon; one-third of them brought a weapon to school. One in 18 high school students reported staying home from school because they felt unsafe at school or going to or from school.

Violence and Risk Behaviors of High School Students, 2007 Total

Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic

18.0%

18.2%

17.2%

18.5%

20.1%

Carried a gun

5.2

4.3

6.2

5.2

5.5

4.6

5.0

Carried a weapon to school

5.9

5.3

6.0

7.3

6.0

5.8

5.5

6.0

Threatened or injured with a weapon on school property

7.8

6.9

9.7

8.7

9.2

8.4

6.8

6.3

35.5

31.7

44.7

40.4

40.9

36.2

34.8

28.0

4.2

3.0

5.3

6.3

5.6

3.7

3.5

3.3

In a physical fight on school property

12.4

10.2

17.6

15.5

17.0

11.7

11.0

8.6

Did not go to school because felt unsafe at school or on way to/from school

5.5

4.0

6.6

9.6

6.6

5.4

4.7

4.8

Carried a weapon

In a physical fight Injured in a physical fight

Grade 9

18.8% 16.7%

15.5%

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Summaries, “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 2007,” MMWR, Vol. 57, No. SS-4 (June 6, 2008), Tables 7, 9, 13, 15 and 17.

H-14

Children’s Defense Fund

A New Look at America’s “Dropout Factories” In 2004, Johns Hopkins University researchers identified 2,000 schools in the United States as “dropout factories” – high schools where 60 percent or fewer of the students in any given ninth grade class will graduate in four years. Although they represented a relatively small percentage (18%) of all high schools in the country, these “dropout factories” were responsible for turning out over half of the nation’s dropouts. The students attending these failing schools were overwhelmingly minority and overwhelmingly poor. In fact, researchers found that, at the time, almost half of all Black high school students and 39 percent of all Latino high school students in America attended a “dropout factory,” while only 11 percent of White students did so. Today, thanks in large part to the John Hopkins researchers’ unrelenting spotlight on these low-performing high schools, the number of “dropout factories” has been reduced, as has the proportion of minority children who attend them. However, there is still much work to be done to turn all of these high schools that manufacture failure into ones that program students for success. Currently, • 2.1 million students, about 13 percent of all high school students in America, are enrolled in America’s 1,634 Dropout Factories. • 35 percent of all Black high school students in the nation, 29 percent of all Hispanic high school students, and only 8 percent of all White high school students attend Dropout Factories. • Dropout Factories are still responsible for producing half the nation’s dropouts. • 849 Dropout Factories are located in cities, 367 in suburbs, and 295 in rural areas. • There is at least one Dropout Factory in every state. Seventy percent are found in just 12 states: Pennsylvania, New York, Mississippi, Ohio, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Michigan, Georgia, and California. • Between 2008 and 2009, nationally there was a reduction, by 112, in the total number of Dropout Factories. However, over the same period, nine states added three or more, and New York and Georgia each added 10. President Obama has set a goal that, by 2020, America will once again lead the world in college completion. To reach that goal, our nation will first need to do a better job of keeping high school students in school through graduation and preparing them adequately for success in college, without remediation. We must push forward and accelerate our successes to bring the number of Dropout Factories to zero. Sources: “Locating the Dropout Crisis: Which High Schools Produce the Nation’s Dropouts? Where are they Located? Who Attends Them?” Robert Balfanz and Nettie Legers, 2004: Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk (CRESPAR); “Building a Grad Nation: Progress and Challenge in Ending the High School Dropout Epidemic,” Robert Balfanz, John Bridgeland, Laura Moore, and Joanna Fox, 2010: America’s Promise Alliance, Civic Enterprises, Everyone Graduates Center. “Building a Grad Nation: 2010-2011 Annual Update,” 2011.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-15

Nevada and Louisiana have the highest dropout rates among 16- to 19-year-olds; Minnesota and New Hampshire have the lowest. Almost two-thirds of teen dropouts do not have a job.

Dropouts, 2009 Persons Ages 16–19 Who Are Not Enrolled in School and Do Not Have a High School Credential

Number of dropouts Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

19,382 2,551 27,017 11,145 112,937 20,124 9,100 2,928 2,841 67,497 44,884 4,775 6,125 44,137 26,772 8,965 8,305 16,986 20,456 2,943 15,609 15,991 34,067 10,959 14,079 24,139 5,096 5,389 15,663 2,072 15,805 10,984 61,388 38,766 1,956 32,753 17,488 12,199 37,346 4,320 17,681 2,840 17,932 105,456 8,449 1,737 16,794 22,519 8,539 12,869 2,479 1,053,234

Percent of all 16- to 19-year-olds 7.2% 5.5 7.5 7.0 5.2 7.5 4.4 5.8 7.4 7.1 7.5 7.4 6.2 5.9 7.3 5.1 5.1 7.0 7.8 3.9 4.7 4.2 5.7 3.7 7.4 7.2 8.6 5.2 11.0 2.6 3.4 9.1 5.5 7.3 4.7 5.0 8.3 5.9 5.1 6.7 6.6 5.5 5.1 7.3 4.8 4.5 3.6 6.1 8.8 3.9 7.8 6.0

Percent in the labor force (labor force participation rate)

Percent with a job (employmentpopulation ratio)

Percent of the labor force that is unemployed (unemployment rate)

51.5% 45.6 46.3 53.2 50.5 62.3 63.9 63.6 33.2 45.3 42.7 30.2 63.5 46.5 59.0 63.2 64.3 43.1 48.9 49.3 49.7 53.9 43.7 56.8 40.3 54.3 37.5 66.0 59.4 82.4 48.1 49.9 39.9 48.8 43.7 51.2 53.1 67.2 43.2 59.6 45.0 41.1 53.4 53.6 65.3 35.0 44.7 50.4 40.2 57.1 55.4

25.3% 32.9 27.0 28.3 31.9 41.2 41.7 — — 22.7 20.4 23.9 42.0 25.1 35.0 45.9 40.0 16.6 30.0 30.2 30.3 33.1 16.9 37.1 20.5 30.9 16.2 41.0 34.0 45.3 31.0 25.3 25.6 24.3 37.3 27.5 36.9 37.6 26.7 29.6 25.8 37.3 25.9 35.9 32.3 — 25.5 32.9 15.5 38.4 25.5

50.9% 27.7 41.6 46.8 36.8 33.9 34.6 76.7 — 50.0 52.3 — 33.8 45.9 40.6 27.3 37.8 61.5 38.6 38.7 38.9 38.6 61.4 34.7 49.3 43.2 56.7 37.9 42.7 45.0 35.7 49.4 35.7 50.1 — 46.3 30.5 44.0 38.3 50.3 42.7 — 51.4 33.0 50.6 41.6 42.9 34.8 61.4 32.7 54.0

49.8

29.0

41.8

Sample too small to calculate a reliable number or rate. Source: U.S.Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table 14005. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-16

Children’s Defense Fund

Many states and local school districts with high poverty rates receive less Title I funding per pupil than wealthier districts because of formulas that favor school districts with large numbers of students.

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Number of pupils served, 2007–2008 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Total allocations, 2009 (in 1,000s)

400,838 69,920 584,110 320,015 4,571,485 213,792 223,263 122,574 78,108 1,637,345 815,047 110,834 188,337 1,383,148 820,671 275,136 303,616 544,230 531,838 143,690 158,155 464,659 1,610,785 313,734 339,471 369,610 114,199 103,518 82,970 78,572 692,273 195,603 1,777,301 504,978 50,539 1,193,471 382,025 206,999 1,255,637 118,996 535,894 54,762 701,532 3,001,541 109,129 51,870 321,442 531,769 101,948 527,152 37,800

$ 242,060 46,044 300,152 170,408 1,800,558 166,968 115,601 42,313 49,535 702,690 506,877 44,783 53,409 640,580 269,669 80,164 115,985 235,930 315,407 54,832 194,194 248,911 566,379 144,364 201,042 238,468 47,250 73,880 93,546 40,758 291,371 119,878 1,264,435 378,758 36,283 555,749 164,244 148,129 589,777 53,545 213,873 45,102 278,045 1,437,805 72,333 34,913 251,482 215,768 94,877 217,408 34,981

29,326,331

14,301,514

Percent of pupils who are eligible, 2008–2009 21.9% 13.5 19.6 22.3 18.5 13.8 14.6 29.1 12.5 17.0 18.5 11.8 14.6 17.5 15.9 12.5 14.9 20.9 26.3 14.8 11.0 15.7 18.2 11.6 27.2 18.8 17.4 13.5 14.3 9.8 14.9 23.3 20.8 19.4 12.0 17.3 19.8 16.8 17.3 17.9 20.7 15.2 19.7 22.8 10.1 12.2 12.9 14.2 23.0 13.9 11.6

Grant per eligible pupil, 2008–2009 $ 1,344 2,108 1,363 1,477 1,310 1,531 1,833 2,082 2,336 1,364 1,586 1,731 1,225 1,850 1,515 1,267 1,574 1,508 1,373 1,763 1,866 1,847 1,727 1,532 1,318 1,337 1,663 1,652 1,472 2,252 1,769 1,387 2,034 1,261 2,822 1,640 1,274 1,342 1,796 1,807 1,356 2,004 1,380 1,352 1,298 2,885 1,591 1,298 1,423 1,825 3,149

Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey, 2007-2008, Table 3; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (March 2010), Table 379; and Rural School and Community Trust, analysis of data from the Congressional Research Service. Calculations by Childrenís Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-17

More than 6.8 million children and youths with disabilities, ages birth through 21, receive special education and related services under IDEA.

Children Receiving Services Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by Age, 2008 Part C Ages 0–2 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Ages 3–5

Ages 6–11

Part B Ages 12–17

Ages 18–21

Ages 3–21

7,079 1,941 14,028 12,288 70,497 11,255 7,911 2,237 543 33,796 16,185 2,501 3,981 36,997 18,834 5,944 9,896 19,755 9,860 3,700 12,203 16,317 24,488 14,361 8,968 15,245 1,954 4,522 6,170 2,891 15,379 6,487 61,799 18,682 1,576 23,209 7,431 9,008 29,496 2,930 10,763 2,734 12,325 38,169 8,366 — 17,124 14,006 5,899 15,153 3,083

33,543 8,076 53,449 24,033 271,056 34,677 26,572 7,640 3,539 157,492 76,943 7,694 12,052 127,977 75,044 26,297 27,183 48,321 38,391 13,343 41,224 67,516 94,749 48,132 27,283 55,495 7,291 20,056 19,700 11,123 95,926 18,525 168,213 82,768 5,512 99,902 40,428 34,117 110,940 10,448 43,674 8,224 50,854 172,768 29,956 — 66,049 55,188 20,532 49,809 5,933

37,236 6,736 51,966 25,500 294,272 33,361 30,825 8,165 5,497 171,823 78,657 9,305 10,700 137,137 72,382 31,606 25,750 35,648 33,359 14,701 44,974 76,472 100,108 49,995 24,804 54,774 7,613 17,632 20,634 14,616 103,089 18,317 192,674 76,879 5,507 123,665 41,563 32,355 137,230 12,726 41,536 6,084 49,325 216,219 24,092 — 73,615 49,715 18,036 54,333 5,112

5,003 909 5,350 2,898 35,270 4,284 3,545 1,042 1,092 21,864 7,922 630 1,197 16,418 9,854 3,515 2,901 4,008 4,412 1,540 5,050 8,192 13,099 7,503 3,352 7,432 787 1,828 1,824 1,526 9,516 2,628 21,653 9,399 683 18,102 4,514 3,924 17,292 1,492 5,923 825 5,921 25,155 2,670 — 9,901 6,425 2,511 6,009 639

82,861 17,662 124,793 64,719 671,095 83,577 68,853 19,084 10,671 384,975 179,707 20,130 27,930 318,529 176,114 67,362 65,730 107,732 86,022 33,284 103,451 168,497 232,444 119,991 64,407 132,946 17,645 44,038 48,328 30,156 223,910 45,957 444,339 187,728 13,278 264,878 93,936 79,404 294,958 27,596 101,896 17,867 118,425 452,311 65,084 — 166,689 125,334 46,978 125,304 14,767

337,706

699,966

2,635,657

2,808,320

339,429

6,483,372

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Data Analysis Systems (DANS), Tables AR 1-1 and AR 8-1. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-18

Children’s Defense Fund

Black students are far more likely than other students to be enrolled in special education classes for children with mental retardation and emotional disturbances. American Indian/Alaska Native and Black students are more likely to be enrolled in classes for students with learning disabilities.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation, by Race, 2006 2.0

1.9%

1.5

Percent

1.1% 1.0% 1.0

0.9% 0.8% 0.6%

0.5

0 Total, All Races

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

White

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, by Race, 2006 1.5

1.4%

1.1%

1.0

Percent

0.9% 0.8%

0.5%

0.5

0.2%

0 Total, All Races

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

White

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, by Race, 2006 7.0%

7 6.3%

5.4%

5.3%

5.5%

Percent

5 4 3 1.9%

2 1 0 Total, All Races

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

White

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-19

In all but seven of 44 states, Black students are overrepresented in special education classes for students with mental retardation, often by a ratio of 2:1 or greater. American Indian/ Alaska Native students also are overrepresented in these classes.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation,* 2006 Percent Enrolled Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

White

1.051% 0.433 0.867 1.777 0.748 0.440 0.445 1.764 0.597 1.241 1.437 0.841 0.667 1.150 1.846 1.213 0.914 2.506 1.281 0.437 0.626 1.547 1.593 1.044 0.864 1.182 0.771 1.622 0.456 0.436 0.499 0.546 0.526 1.578 1.084 1.674 1.112 0.745 1.272 0.711 1.442 0.877 0.757 0.692 0.626 1.008 0.878 0.524 2.864 1.235 0.610

0.649% 0.741 1.252 1.064 0.864 0.613 — — — 0.944 — — 0.742 — 2.058 1.313 0.753 — 0.951 — — 1.195 1.445 1.715 — — 1.187 2.789 0.612 — — 0.630 0.646 2.868 1.919 1.712 1.050 1.098 — — — 1.568 — 0.735 0.654 — 0.717 0.973 — 1.651 —

— — 0.511% 0.518 0.842 0.229 0.240 — — 0.602 0.502 0.919 — 0.489 0.497 0.646 0.390 0.505 0.313 — — 0.793 0.686 0.733 — 0.498 — 0.871 0.390 — 0.235 — 0.274 0.499 — 0.371 0.392 0.490 0.414 0.649 0.501 — 0.245 0.424 0.399 — 0.491 0.330 — 0.995 —

0.378% — 0.961 1.046 0.734 0.563 0.497 1.390 — 0.895 0.863 0.732 0.764 0.866 1.350 1.292 0.749 0.933 0.429 — 0.620 3.832 1.294 1.067 0.335 0.745 0.996 1.701 0.435 0.634 0.648 0.566 0.574 0.891 — 1.932 0.792 0.607 1.516 1.289 0.493 1.489 0.355 0.598 0.667 — 0.657 0.590 1.596 1.193 0.674

1.530% — 1.447 3.399 1.135 0.888 0.703 2.953 0.664 2.358 2.201 — — 2.329 3.891 2.081 2.070 3.517 1.881 — 0.943 5.483 3.159 1.858 1.211 2.145 — 2.615 0.742 — 0.921 0.816 0.876 2.978 1.720 3.233 2.117 1.433 2.127 1.169 2.324 1.333 0.823 1.299 1.013 1.926 1.565 0.789 3.155 2.529 —

0.822% 0.324 0.688 1.387 0.629 0.352 0.394 1.205 — 0.897 0.973 0.516 0.650 0.835 1.595 1.167 0.832 2.441 0.819 0.434 0.418 0.793 1.254 0.963 0.508 1.002 0.693 1.504 0.406 0.430 0.348 0.464 0.415 0.925 0.974 1.358 1.023 0.750 1.101 0.526 0.866 0.751 0.770 0.597 0.621 1.000 0.613 0.494 2.877 1.067 0.602

United States

1.027

1.107

0.599

0.768

1.919

0.885

* According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD): “Intellectual disability is the currently preferred term for the disability historically referred to as mental retardation.” Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability and the AAIDD Definition, at ; accessed November 2008. — Number too small to calculate a stable rate. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-20

Children’s Defense Fund

Black children are more than three times as likely as Hispanic children and more than seven times as likely as Asian/Pacific Islander children to be in special education classes for students with emotional disturbances.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, 2006 Percent Enrolled Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

White

0.215% 0.404 0.731 0.174 0.325 0.910 0.794 0.709 0.559 1.111 1.354 1.118 0.506 1.101 1.317 0.855 0.733 0.883 0.437 1.361 0.749 1.137 1.121 1.993 0.302 0.872 0.679 0.734 0.484 1.163 0.694 0.685 1.288 0.770 1.044 0.931 0.809 0.790 1.183 1.207 0.698 1.055 0.316 0.747 0.507 1.956 0.795 0.448 0.760 1.732 1.011

— 0.510% 0.640 — 0.858 1.785 1.555 — — 0.982 — — — 0.772 1.272 — 0.956 — — — — 1.608 1.280 5.677 — — 0.809 2.411 0.627 — — 0.742 1.970 1.204 1.526 — 0.671 1.254 — 3.264 — — — 1.053 0.863 — 1.052 0.821 — 5.691 2.308

— 0.151% 0.216 — 0.091 0.259 0.160 — — 0.091 0.183 1.051 — 0.247 0.219 — — — — — 0.082 0.347 0.213 0.410 — — — — 0.140 0.133 0.117 — 0.191 — — 0.113 — 0.204 0.201 — — — — 0.150 0.209 — 0.167 0.119 — 0.325 —

0.085% 0.202 0.382 0.068 0.174 0.637 0.992 0.397 — 0.600 0.358 1.299 0.193 0.542 0.396 0.603 0.319 0.277 — — 0.556 1.569 0.673 1.451 — 0.332 — 0.319 0.164 0.580 0.557 0.587 1.384 0.168 — 0.855 0.241 0.365 1.036 1.195 0.168 1.291 0.082 0.484 0.391 — 0.454 0.215 — 0.995 0.895

0.226% 0.773 1.568 0.162 0.809 1.804 1.238 0.917 0.624 1.805 1.721 1.268 — 1.888 2.122 2.324 1.318 1.933 0.607 1.595 1.039 2.432 1.482 5.084 0.271 1.468 — 1.825 0.969 0.936 1.341 1.147 2.692 1.367 2.241 1.742 1.111 1.683 2.059 2.148 0.987 0.590 0.293 1.183 1.520 1.926 1.126 1.050 1.689 2.844 2.550

0.221% 0.372 0.994 0.194 0.514 0.964 0.695 0.667 — 1.083 1.306 1.392 0.560 1.058 1.288 0.799 0.749 0.769 0.314 1.368 0.630 0.976 1.091 1.729 0.341 0.779 0.661 0.668 0.674 1.211 0.614 0.810 0.889 0.557 0.977 0.777 0.903 0.868 1.036 1.113 0.534

United States

0.845

1.114

0.203

0.460

1.426

0.857

0.342 0.967 0.515 1.994 0.737 0.471 0.719 1.632 0.962

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-21

About 1 in 20 public school students is in a special education class for students with learning disabilities.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, 2006 Percent Enrolled

Total, all races 5.357% 3.692 5.434 4.779 4.613 3.898 3.719 8.007 1.393 6.484 3.334 5.046 4.199 6.674 6.122 7.848 5.659 2.309 4.097 5.420 3.887 6.684 5.502 3.969 5.477 5.118 5.831 5.449 6.116 6.629 6.899 6.001 6.148 4.343 5.313 5.516 7.326 5.102 7.905 7.397 6.487 5.370 4.245 5.068 5.429 4.725 5.039 4.474 5.848 4.847 5.357

United States

5.353

American Indian, Alaska Native 4.113% 5.844 9.013 4.836 5.868 5.662 4.566 — — 6.524 2.946 5.443 8.558 6.857 6.063 8.792 6.994 — 4.757 6.506 3.745 7.127 7.563 6.405 6.250 4.287 8.102 8.249 10.851 6.346 5.592 7.237 7.700 4.805 8.934 6.550 7.163 7.522 6.245 11.474 5.701 9.508 3.610 5.225 10.114 — 5.760 7.476 10.582 7.671 9.116

Asian, Pacific Islander 1.228% 1.105 1.662 1.323 1.473 1.449 0.988 2.024 — 1.885 1.088 5.032 1.474 1.919 1.594 3.288 2.631 0.488 0.637 2.138 0.992 2.446 1.409 2.969 1.017 1.514 2.640 2.462 2.291 1.836 1.686 3.098 1.854 1.786 — 1.564 2.214 1.619 2.121 3.435 1.645 3.071 0.952 1.213 2.948 — 2.193 2.337 — 3.317 —

Hispanic 3.724% 2.381 5.719 3.775 5.064 4.579 4.419 8.576 1.780 6.458 3.384 6.424 4.760 6.431 4.487 7.166 5.168 1.872 2.173 3.992 5.307 7.574 6.073 5.594 2.594 3.431 6.006 4.978 5.704 7.030 7.392 6.105 6.598 4.216 6.475 5.716 5.950 4.965 9.345 9.273 4.176 5.564 2.477 5.230 7.281 — 6.231 5.727 6.166 4.688 6.732

Black 7.135% 2.254 6.588 5.441 7.901 5.267 4.479 10.556 1.369 6.605 3.329 5.381 4.835 7.850 6.515 10.378 7.296 2.101 5.383 4.531 4.237 7.509 6.371 5.793 6.558 6.120 6.114 5.413 9.419 5.047 8.962 7.816 7.432 4.733 4.846 5.786 9.684 6.342 9.410 8.637 7.173 4.998 3.302 6.910 7.658 3.970 5.964 6.739 6.497 6.366 5.873

6.995

1.906

5.503

6.322

White 4.484% 3.182 4.820 4.765 4.239 3.570 3.571 6.752 1.040 6.663 3.468 4.765 4.067 6.638 6.283 7.843 5.632 2.367 3.121 5.505 3.692 6.756 5.374 3.675 4.466 5.053 5.516 5.545 6.110 6.757 6.770 5.350 6.068 4.234 4.970 5.529 7.322 5.242 7.692 6.958 6.271 4.811 4.744 4.469 5.092 4.793 4.690 4.170 5.843 4.670 5.133 5.261

— Number too small to calculate a stable rate Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-22

Children’s Defense Fund

Black, Hispanic and American Indian/Alaska Native children are less likely than Asian/Pacific Islander or White students to be in gifted and talented programs.

Enrollment in Programs for the Gifted and Talented, 2006 Percent Enrolled

Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

5.469% 4.109 6.319 9.548 8.279 6.835 3.793 5.616 — 4.747 9.269 6.240 4.194 5.839 7.888 8.204 3.022 14.605 3.361 3.221 16.083 0.682 3.422 8.763 6.112 3.553 5.161 11.404 1.935 2.572 6.978 3.979 2.903 10.757 2.818 7.288 13.694 6.938 4.518 1.412 10.987 2.666 1.687 7.563 5.018 0.846 12.615 3.872 2.200 6.423 2.157

6.147% 1.090 3.688 8.181 5.845 4.337 4.315 3.665 — 5.008 9.594 4.797 0.989 5.132 3.930 2.919 1.796 7.172 2.657 3.112 12.580 0.543 1.203 4.612 3.693 2.391 2.115 3.120 1.090 2.058 4.762 2.070 1.522 6.205 3.333 5.437 11.845 3.900 1.894 0.297 8.159 1.421 1.366 7.093 2.657 0.000 13.289 1.393 2.910 3.172 0.978

10.221% 4.961 14.232 10.311 16.067 10.408 7.328 13.155 — 9.303 19.277 5.785 6.095 13.314 14.128 12.204 5.394 21.305 11.747 5.616 37.771 1.674 8.065 16.486 13.450 9.097 8.226 18.197 3.078 5.934 13.855 12.035 5.541 17.275 5.432 14.024 21.454 11.121 9.727 2.262 19.287 4.232 4.204 15.961 11.990 1.350 26.392 5.770 10.934 6.113 6.719

2.923% 2.536 3.545 5.763 4.784 3.785 1.790 3.539 — 4.410 3.112 3.935 1.328 3.122 3.895 3.149 0.830 5.739 3.285 2.252 14.667 0.474 1.381 5.398 4.528 1.330 3.871 3.947 0.796 0.852 3.453 2.426 1.475 3.150 1.373 3.274 6.762 1.967 1.712 0.969 4.614 0.666 0.606 5.468 4.137 1.333 7.456 1.690 0.943 3.528 0.920

2.776% 2.544 3.431 7.279 4.259 4.963 2.309 3.630 — 1.964 4.080 2.942 2.024 4.152 4.098 3.853 0.960 6.959 1.562 1.106 6.960 0.718 1.863 6.678 2.900 1.452 2.249 4.811 0.860 1.077 3.493 2.814 2.433 4.261 1.720 4.713 7.419 3.453 2.394 1.237 5.074 0.916 0.676 4.354 4.589 0.467 5.174 1.446 1.598 3.686 2.009

6.675

5.225

13.051

4.184

3.564

White 7.091% 5.769 9.056 10.703 11.903 8.205 4.308 6.759 — 6.087 14.056 9.742 4.716 6.983 8.675 8.771 3.569 15.792 4.758 3.251 21.107 0.640 3.801 8.773 9.599 4.013 5.663 13.268 2.953 2.588 8.413 7.144 3.287 15.447 2.789 7.843 16.221 7.982 4.981 1.504 15.945 2.924 2.047 10.817 4.948 0.843 15.616 4.392 2.174 7.133 2.265 8.009

— Data not reported. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-23

Just over two-thirds of U.S. high school math teachers majored in math.

High School Teachers with Undergraduate Major in Subject Matter Taught, 2007–2008 Teaching Field

Arts, music Health, physical education Natural sciences Social sciences English, language arts Foreign languages Vocational, technical Math Special Education

Percent with Undergraduate Major in Field

90.3% 88.5 83.5 82.8 81.7 79.9 73.6 67.3 4.4

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (April 2010), Table 70.

Demographics of Public School Teachers, Grades 9–12 Sex Female Male

58.0% 42.0

Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander Two or more races American Indian, Alaska Native

83.5 6.9 6.6 1.5 0.9 0.5

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (April 2010), Table 70.

H-24

Children’s Defense Fund

Although the college graduation rates for Black and Hispanic young adults has increased over the past 40 years, the rates are still far behind White graduation rates.

College Graduation Rates Among Young Adults,* 1957–2009 35 31.3%

Percent ages 25–29 who completed 4 years of college or more

30 White

20 19.0%

Black

12.2%

10 Hispanic

0 1957

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2001

2005

2009

* People 25 to 29 years old. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Table A-2, Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2009, at .

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-25

White men ages 25 to 29 are almost twice as likely as Black men and almost two-and-a-half times more likely than Hispanic men to complete four or more years of college. White women are more than one-and-a-half times as likely as Black woman and more than two-and-a-half times as likely as Hispanic women to complete four or more years of college.

Percent of Young Adults* Who Completed Four or More Years of College by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 1957 to 2009

1957 1959 1962 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

All Races (of any race) Total Male Female

White Total Male

10.4% 11.1 13.1 12.8 12.4 14.0 14.6 14.7 16.0 16.4 16.9 19.0 19.0 20.7 21.9 23.7 24.0 23.3 23.1 22.5 21.3 21.7 22.5 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.0 22.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 23.6 23.7 23.3 24.7 27.1 27.8 27.3 28.2 29.1 28.4 29.3 28.4 28.7 28.8 28.4 29.6 30.8 30.6

11.1% 11.9 14.3 13.6 13.0 14.7 15.5 15.6 17.0 17.3 17.9 19.9 19.9 22.0 22.8 24.6 25.3 24.5 24.3 23.7 22.4 22.7 23.4 23.1 23.2 23.5 23.0 23.5 24.4 24.2 24.6 25.0 24.7 24.2 26.0 28.1 28.9 28.4 29.3 29.6 28.5 29.7 28.3 28.9 28.9 28.3 29.8 31.1 31.3

13.5% 14.8 17.2 16.6 15.6 16.8 17.2 18.0 19.4 20.0 20.1 22.0 21.6 23.9 25.1 27.5 27.0 26.0 25.6 24.0 23.1 23.3 23.9 23.2 23.1 22.9 22.3 23.2 23.9 23.7 23.0 23.2 23.4 22.5 24.5 26.1 26.3 25.6 26.8 27.9 25.5 26.9 26.0 26.1 25.5 25.3 26.3 26.8 26.6

7.5% 7.6 9.2 9.2 9.5 11.3 12.1 11.6 12.8 12.9 13.8 16.0 16.4 17.6 18.7 20.1 21.1 20.6 20.5 21.0 19.6 20.2 21.1 20.7 21.3 21.9 21.7 21.9 22.9 22.8 23.4 24.0 23.9 24.0 24.9 28.2 29.3 29.0 29.5 30.1 31.3 31.8 30.9 31.4 32.2 31.6 33.0 34.9 34.8

14.5% 15.9 18.7 17.5 16.4 17.9 18.3 19.1 20.6 21.3 21.3 23.1 22.8 25.3 26.3 28.7 28.5 27.6 27.1 25.5 24.3 24.5 25.0 24.3 24.2 24.1 23.3 24.0 24.8 24.2 24.1 24.2 24.4 23.6 25.4 27.2 27.2 26.5 27.6 27.8 25.1 26.5 25.3 25.8 25.3 25.0 25.8 26.7 27.0

Female

Total

Black Male Female

7.8% 8.1 10.0 9.9 9.8 11.8 12.7 12.3 13.4 13.3 14.6 16.7 17.0 18.8 19.4 20.6 22.1 21.4 21.5 22.0 20.5 20.9 21.8 21.9 22.2 22.9 22.8 22.9 24.0 24.3 25.0 25.7 25.1 24.8 26.6 29.1 30.7 30.4 30.9 31.3 32.1 33.1 31.5 32.1 32.7 31.7 34.0 35.9 36.0

4.1% 4.6 4.2 5.5 6.8 5.9 5.4 5.3 6.7 7.3 6.4 8.3 8.1 7.9 10.7 13.0 12.6 11.8 12.4 11.6 11.6 12.6 12.9 11.6 11.5 11.8 11.4 12.2 12.7 13.4 11.0 11.3 13.2 13.7 15.3 14.6 14.4 15.8 15.0 17.5 16.8 17.5 17.2 16.9 17.4 18.6 18.9 20.6 19.0

3.3% 5.6 5.7 7.5 7.3 5.4 4.2 5.3 8.1 6.7 6.4 7.1 7.1 8.8 11.4 12.0 12.8 10.7 13.3 10.5 12.1 11.8 13.1 12.9 10.3 10.1 11.6 12.6 12.0 15.1 11.5 12.0 12.6 11.7 17.2 12.4 12.1 14.2 13.1 18.1 15.6 17.4 17.5 13.4 14.1 14.9 17.9 18.7 15.2

5.0% 3.7 3.0 3.9 6.8 6.4 6.3 5.3 5.5 8.0 6.5 9.4 8.8 7.2 10.1 13.6 12.4 12.6 11.7 12.5 11.1 13.2 12.8 10.5 12.6 13.3 11.1 11.9 13.3 11.9 10.6 10.6 13.8 15.4 13.6 16.4 16.4 17.0 16.5 17.0 17.9 17.7 17.0 19.7 20.1 21.6 19.9 22.3 22.4

Total n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 5.7% 8.8 7.4 6.7 9.6 7.3 7.7 7.5 9.7 10.4 10.6 11.1 9.0 8.7 11.4 10.1 8.1 9.2 9.5 8.3 8.0 8.9 10.0 11.0 10.4 8.9 9.7 10.5 8.9 10.0 10.9 11.2 9.5 11.6 12.4 12.2

Hispanic Male Female n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 7.2% 10.0 10.3 7.2 9.6 7.9 8.4 8.6 10.7 9.6 9.6 10.9 8.9 9.2 12.1 9.6 7.3 8.1 8.8 7.1 6.6 7.8 10.2 9.6 9.5 7.5 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.6 10.2 6.9 8.6 10.0 11.0

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 4.6% 7.3 4.8 6.4 9.7 6.8 6.9 6.5 8.7 11.1 11.6 11.2 9.1 8.2 10.6 10.6 9.1 10.4 10.3 9.8 9.8 10.1 9.8 10.1 11.3 10.4 11.0 13.3 9.7 12.0 12.4 12.4 12.8 15.4 15.5 13.8

* People 25 to 29 years old Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Table A-2, Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2009, at .

H-26

Children’s Defense Fund

Child Welfare

hild abuse and neglect and the mental health, substance abuse and other problems often associated with it, can push children into the cradle to prison pipeline. Prevention services and treatment to help children exposed to trauma heal are often lacking. Parents don’t get the mental health and substance abuse treatment they need. Children in foster care frequently move from home to home, disrupting any sense of stability and their education. Some move from foster care to the juvenile justice system. • A child is abused or neglected every 42 seconds; almost 80 percent of them are victims of neglect. Infants are the most likely to suffer from maltreatment. Forty percent of child victims receive no post-investigation services and many more receive far fewer services than they need. Nearly 40 percent are served at home and 20.8 percent are placed in foster care. • 1,161 children enter foster care each day and remain there on average more than two years. Every two minutes a child enters foster care. • About two-thirds of the children who exit from foster care in a year exit to a family member. An estimated 115,000 children in foster care are waiting to be adopted. • While the number of children and Black children in foster care is declining, Black children are still overrepresented. Thirty percent of the children in foster care are Black, double the percent of the child population who are Black. • Foster care often promotes instability. In every state but one, more than half the children in care for two or more years experience at least three placements. • More than 29,000 youth aged out of foster care at 18 or older in 2009; in most states more than 60 percent of these youth entered foster care when they older were than 12.

I-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Who Are the Children Who Are Abused and Neglected? • Infants and toddlers are the most likely to be victims of abuse and neglect. One-third of all victims are three or younger. • Of all maltreated victims 78.6 percent are victims of neglect; 2.4 percent of medical neglect; 17.8 percent of physical abuse; 9.6 percent of sexual abuse; 7.1 percent of psychological abuse, and 9.8 percent are victims of other or unknown types of maltreatment. • Nearly half of all abused and neglected children are White; more than one-fifth are African American; and one-fifth are Hispanic. • Boys and girls are almost equally likely to be victims of abuse or neglect, with girls just slightly more likely. • More than half of the child victims are reported to child protection agencies by teachers, police officers and other social services or medical professionals. • Forty percent of child victims receive no services after the investigation. • Three-quarters of child victims have no history of prior victimization. • Approximately one in five child victims in 2009 was maltreated by someone other than his/her parents. Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Child Maltreatment: 2009 (December 2010). Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-3

A child is abused or neglected every 42 seconds; almost eight out of ten are victims of neglect. Children three or younger are the most likely victims of maltreatment.

Child Maltreatment, 2009* Type of maltreatment** (percent distribution) Victims of maltreatment Number Rate*** Neglect Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

8,123 3,544 3,803 9,926 73,962 11,341 9,090 2,015 3,279 45,841 23,249 2,007 1,571 27,446 22,330 11,636 1,329 16,187 9,063 3,809 15,310 34,639 29,976 4,668 7,369 5,226 1,521 4,871 4,443 924 8,725 4,915 77,620 22,371 n/r 31,270 7,157 n/r 3,913 2,804 12,381 1,443 8,822 66,359 12,704 696 5,951 6,070 4,978 4,654 707

7.2 19.3 2.2 14.0 7.8 9.2 11.3 9.7 28.8 11.3 9.0 6.9 3.7 8.6 14.0 16.3 1.9 16.0 8.1 14.0 11.3 24.2 12.8 3.7 9.6 3.7 6.9 10.8 6.5 3.2 4.3 9.6 17.5 9.8 n/r 11.5 7.8 n/r 1.4 12.4 11.5 7.2 5.9 9.6 14.6 5.5 3.2 3.9 12.9 3.6 5.4

37.3% 89.3 72.0 65.7 82.9 78.4 97.0 42.5 67.5 52.7 69.1 15.4 74.9 74.0 87.5 92.2 17.5 95.3 82.8 75.3 72.7 103.6 90.1 75.2 65.2 53.5 84.1 97.4 75.8 80.4 79.1 83.4 107.0 87.4 n/r 47.7 89.0 n/r 3.9 93.1 72.4 93.6 59.0 81.8 21.0 4.0 63.1 82.7 56.2 55.4 70.7

682,038

9.6

78.6

Medical neglect

Other, unknown, or missing

Physical abuse

Sexual abuse

Psychological maltreatment

— 1.9% — 7.8 — 1.6 3.9 1.1 4.1 2.3 4.7 1.7 1.1 2.3 2.2 1.1 3.2 — — — — — 2.9 1.4 4.2 2.8 1.6 0.0 1.8 3.2 2.4 2.6 6.2 1.9 n/r 1.5 2.5 n/r 2.9 1.4 3.8 — 2.9 3.3 0.3 2.0 2.7 — 1.2 1.5 1.3

48.7% 12.7 25.8 19.2 11.5 15.1 6.9 18.0 15.7 10.5 13.2 9.6 20.8 22.5 12.1 13.2 22.0 10.0 28.0 17.5 25.7 13.8 23.6 20.5 19.0 33.1 13.7 11.8 29.6 12.0 18.7 14.9 11.4 10.7 n/r 37.5 19.0 n/r 34.0 14.5 34.3 12.5 15.3 21.4 13.1 52.3 27.9 24.7 30.4 22.2 8.1

23.1% 2.9 9.1 23.4 7.4 9.9 4.5 7.7 3.2 4.7 5.0 3.8 5.9 16.3 17.7 5.0 35.4 4.5 7.8 7.1 12.4 2.8 4.2 16.9 14.7 28.5 6.2 8.1 8.3 16.1 10.3 4.9 3.6 8.2 n/r 19.4 7.8 n/r 64.2 4.3 6.5 4.9 31.2 9.5 17.8 52.9 15.8 7.4 4.9 29.9 12.6

0.4% 20.3 0.6 1.2 17.5 4.6 4.6 32.9 1.2 1.4 20.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.7 10.5 0.4 0.9 46.1 0.4 0.2 28.1 0.8 11.0 5.4 22.8 0.5 3.1 1.8 0.2 18.2 1.0 0.3 n/r 6.5 20.0 n/r 1.1 0.1 1.0 3.1 2.4 1.0 51.5 1.4 1.2 — 32.4 1.2 13.0

— — — 0.0% 0.1 0.7 — 9.0 30.0 56.2 — 94.9 8.6 — — 5.6 23.0 — 0.4 — — 0.0 32.2 — 0.4 — 0.3 — — — — — 30.0 0.8 n/r

2.4

17.8

9.6

7.1

9.8

0.0 n/r — 1.7 0.3 — — 0.0 22.0 — — — 12.1 — 3.8

* The methodology for this analysis was modified by using unique counts of children, rather than duplicate counts. Unique counts identify and count a child once, regardless of the number of reports that received a CPS response, and the duplicate counts identify a child each time that he or she was a subject of a report that received a CPS response. ** May add to more than 100 percent in a state because some children experience more than one type of maltreatment. *** Number of victims per 1,000 children. Note: Because of differences in definitions of child abuse and neglect, comparisons of data between states should not be made. — category not reported by state. n/r — no data reported by state. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2009 (December 2010), Table 3–13 “Reported Maltreatment Types of Victims, 2009” (unique counts). Available at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm09/cm09.pdf#page=31, page 46. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Consistent with recent years, about 40 percent of children abused or neglected in 2009 received no services following the investigation of their maltreatment.

National Estimates of Children Served Following an Investigation of Child Abuse or Neglect

All child victims

Year

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

910,000 905,000 892,000 900,000 905,000 794,000 772,000 763,000

Served Number Percent

535,000 525,000 528,000 542,000 533,000 497,000 489,000 457,000

58.8% 58.0 59.2 60.2 58.9 62.6 63.3 59.9

Served in home Number Percent

363,000 358,000 359,000 346,000 338,000 333,000 331,000 298,000

39.9% 39.6 40.2 38.4 37.4 41.9 42.9 39.1

Removed to foster care Number Percent

172,000 167,000 170,000 196,000 195,000 164,000 161,000 159,000

18.9% 18.5 19.0 21.8 21.5 20.7 20.9 20.8

Not served Number Percent

375,000 380,000 364,000 358,000 372,000 297,000 283,000 306,000

41.2% 42.0 40.8 39.8 41.1 37.4 36.7 40.1

Source: U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, “The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA): Background, Programs, and Funding” (November 4, 2009), Table D-1;and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2009 (April 2010), pp. x. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

The number of children in foster care has decreased 20 percent since 2005 and exits from care have exceeded entries from care for the past three years.

Trends in Foster Care and Adoption, FYs 2002–2009 Year

In care on September 30

Entries

Exits

Waiting to be adopted

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

523,000 510,000 508,000 511,000 505,000 489,000 460,000 424,000

295,000 289,000 298,000 307,000 305,000 293,000 274,000 255,000

278,000 278,000 281,000 287,000 295,000 295,000 288,000 276,000

134,000 131,000 130,000 131,000 135,000 134,000 127,000 115,000

Adopted

51,000 50,000 51,000 52,000 51,000 53,000 55,000 57,000

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, AFCARS Data, “Trends in Foster Care and Adoption – FY2002-FY2009,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/trends02-09.pdf.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-5

Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Domestic minor sex trafficking is the commercial sexual exploitation of children under age 18 within U.S. borders. It includes child sex slavery, prostitution of children, commercial sexual exploitation of children, and rape of children. An estimated 100,000 youth are victimized through prostitution in America each year. Too often the child victims, rather than the perpetrators, are the ones reported, arrested and prosecuted.

• In 2008, 643 female and 206 male children were reported to the FBI as having been • • •

• •

arrested for prostitution and commercialized vice.1 Since 2003, the Innocence Lost Initiative2 has recovered over 1,600 child victims of sex trafficking. 3 Children as young as seven have been forced into sex trafficking due to fears about sexually transmitted disease among customers.4 A 2001 report by the University of Pennsylvania estimated that about 293,000 American youth are at risk of commercial sexual exploitation.5 Most of these children have run away from home or been abandoned by their parents, and turn to the sex trade as a means of survival. Fifty-five percent of girls who have been away or been forced to live on the street are engaged in formal prostitution, 75 percent of which was controlled by a pimp.6 About 20 percent of children involved in the sex trade are trafficked nationally by organized crime syndicates. These children are often required to pay the costs of their transportation, shelter, and false identity papers.7 The majority of trafficked children both use and sell illegal drugs.8 The risk of a child 10-17 being sexually exploited for commercial purposes is higher than the risk that she or he will die in an accident or be raped or sexually assaulted.9

1 “Trafficking in Persons Report, 10th Edition.” (2010). Washington, DC: U.S. State Department.

http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/142979.pdf 2 The Innocence Lost Initiative is a coalition of federal and state law enforcement authorities and victim assistance providers

focused on eliminating child prostitution. 3 “Innocence Lost.” (2011). Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/cac/innocencelost 4 Miko, Francis T. (2006). “Trafficking in Persons: The U.S. and International Response.“ Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RL30545.pdf 5 Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner. (2002). “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S, Canada and Mexico:

Executive Summary of the U.S. National Study.” Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/restes/CSEC_Files/Exec_Sum_020220.pdf 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid.

I-6

Children’s Defense Fund

Black children are only 15 percent of the child population but 30 percent of children in foster care. About two-thirds of the children who leave foster care exit to a family member; 20 percent are adopted.

Who is in Foster Care? Number of Children in Foster Care: 423,773 Percent in foster care 2009

Percent in U.S. child population 2009

Race and ethnicity White, non-Hispanic Black Hispanic American Indian, Alaska Native Asian Two or more races

40% 30 20

55% 15 23

2 1 5

1 4 3

Age Under age 1 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-18 years 19 + years

6 30 20 24 20 2

Type of placement Non-relative foster home Relative foster home Institution Group home Pre-adoptive home Trial home visit Runaway Supervised independent living

48 24 10 6 4 5 2 1

Exit from foster care during year Reunification Adoption Emancipation Living with relative Guardianship Transfer to another agency Runaway

51 20 11 8 7 2 1

Note: Race/ethnicity, age, and placement are estimates of children in foster care on September 30, 2009; exit data reflect outcomes for children exiting foster care during FY 2009. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, “The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2009 Estimates as of July 2010,” at . Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-7

The number of children in foster care has declined each year since 2005. More than half of the children in foster care live in just nine states.*

Children in Foster Care, FYs 2004–2009 Number in foster care on September 30 of each year Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California* Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida* Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois* Indiana* Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York* North Carolina North Dakota Ohio* Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania* Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas* Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

FY 2004

FY 2005

FY 2006

FY 2007

FY 2008

FY 2009

5,934 1,825 9,194 3,124 82,641 8,196 6,459 849 2,641 28,864 14,216 2,939 1,565 19,931 9,778 5,384 6,060 6,998 4,397 2,589 11,111 12,562 21,173 6,540 2,989 11,778 2,030 6,292 4,037 1,236 12,282 2,157 33,445 10,077 1,314 18,004 11,821 10,048 21,944 2,414 4,635 1,582 9,590 24,529 2,108 1,432 6,869 9,368 3,990 7,812 1,184

6,913 1,660 9,685 3,238 80,247 8,213 6,249 962 2,519 29,312 13,965 2,743 1,818 19,419 11,243 6,794 5,833 7,220 4,833 2,339 10,867 12,197 20,498 6,989 3,269 11,433 2,222 6,231 4,656 1,178 11,205 2,316 30,458 10,698 1,370 17,446 11,334 11,020 21,691 2,509 4,757 1,704 9,017 28,883 2,285 1,436 7,022 10,068 4,629 8,076 1,244

7,157 1,919 9,767 3,434 76,405 8,139 6,359 1,074 2,378 29,229 13,175 2,357 1,850 18,815 11,401 8,922 6,237 7,695 5,213 2,076 9,051 11,499 20,142 6,813 3,126 10,207 1,909 6,187 5,068 1,148 10,740 2,357 29,973 11,115 1,331 15,741 11,736 10,661 21,135 2,998 4,920 1,648 8,618 30,848 2,427 1,379 7,672 10,457 4,018 7,459 1,304

7,262 2,107 9,569 3,616 73,998 7,777 5,764 1,157 2,197 26,788 12,197 1,940 1,870 17,864 11,372 8,005 6,631 7,207 5,333 1,971 8,415 10,497 20,830 6,711 3,328 10,233 1,737 5,875 5,070 1,102 9,056 2,423 30,072 10,827 1,263 14,532 11,785 9,562 20,999 2,768 5,147 1,566 7,751 30,137 2,765 1,309 7,718 11,107 4,432 7,541 1,231

6,876 2,168 10,425 3,522 67,703 7,921 5,373 938 2,217 22,187 9,984 1,622 1,723 17,843 12,386 6,743 6,306 7,182 5,065 1,864 7,613 10,427 20,171 6,028 3,292 10,128 1,600 5,591 5,023 1,029 8,510 2,221 29,493 9,841 1,222 13,703 10,595 8,988 19,218 2,407 4,999 1,482 7,219 28,154 2,714 1,200 7,099 11,247 4,412 7,403 1,154

6,894 2,166 10,175 3,657 60,198 7,927 4,761 814 2,111 19,156 8,020 1,455 1,446 17,080 12,437 6,564 5,691 6,872 4,786 1,646 7,052 9,650 17,723 5,410 3,320 9,912 1,639 5,343 4,779 930 7,809 2,009 27,992 9,547 1,224 12,197 8,712 8,650 16,878 2,112 4,938 1,484 6,723 26,686 2,759 1,062 5,927 9,922 4,237 6,785 1,155

499,937

503,913

497,289

482,414

454,231

418,422

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, “Foster Care FY2002 - FY2009 Entries, Exits, and Numbers of Children In Care on the Last Day of Each Federal Fiscal Year,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/ afcars/statistics/entryexit2009.pdf. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund. * States where more than half of children in foster care live.

I-8

Children’s Defense Fund

In 2009 more children nationally and in 34 states exited from foster care than entered care.

Number of Children Entering, Exiting and In Foster Care, FY 2009 Number of children: Entering foster care during the year Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Exiting foster care during the year

In foster care on September 30, 2009

3,124 927 7,588 4,161 34,826 6,353 2,466 445 624 14,313 5,857 1,332 1,215 5,176 9,464 4,728 3,163 5,387 3,631 753 2,772 6,171 7,863 5,999 2,107 5,636 976 3,563 2,905 505 4,800 1,991 12,876 4,971 940 8,741 4,734 4,601 11,226 1,447 3,719 1,448 5,952 12,769 2,060 550 2,582 6,092 3,000 4,560 1,139

2,885 915 7,232 3,917 39,226 6,204 2,972 555 703 16,400 7,770 1,447 1,452 5,876 8,448 4,687 3,615 5,434 3,683 959 3,265 6,673 10,182 6,283 2,064 4,834 939 3,619 3,092 558 5,418 2,164 13,658 4,968 877 10,074 6,580 4,743 12,507 1,604 3,698 1,381 6,214 14,160 1,966 647 3,360 5,849 3,039 4,923 1,079

254,228

274,798

418,422

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Burearu, “Foster Care FY 2002 FY 2009 Entries, Exits, and Numbers of Children In Care on the Last Day of Each Federal Fiscal Year,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/statistics/entryexit2009.htm.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-9

One-third of the children in foster care are five or younger; one-third are 14 or older. Children who enter care at younger ages stay longer.

Children in Foster Care,* by Age, FY 2009 Number of children in foster care Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Percent distribution by age Under 1 4.9% 5.6 7.1 7.7 5.1 4.8 5.4 6.1 2.2 8.0 6.9 7.0 6.1 4.3 6.3 5.1 4.8 5.6 6.8 6.6 4.3 5.0 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.3 4.9 3.7 6.5 3.8 8.7 5.4 3.8 5.8 4.9 6.5 6.9 5.4 5.0 5.8 6.5 6.0 4.5 6.8 5.1 3.8 3.4 6.7 4.9 5.4 2.8

1–2

3–5

6–9

12.5% 15.5 16.7 17.1 12.1 10.2 11.7 11.1 8.9 18.5 16.0 14.9 17.2 14.2 16.9 13.7 12.8 12.9 17.8 18.0 11.5 12.1 13.3 10.9 15.2 12.7 16.9 11.2 18.9 12.5 18.6 16.9 10.9 14.9 10.4 14.8 19.1 14.9 13.2 10.2 14.5 16.1 11.3 17.4 10.8 8.6 10.3 17.8 13.7 13.5 10.7

14.5% 18.6 17.2 16.6 13.8 11.0 11.5 10.8 11.1 18.9 15.8 18.3 18.3 17.1 18.4 13.8 15.5 13.9 19.1 18.3 13.0 12.5 16.1 11.4 16.4 14.4 19.0 13.5 20.7 14.5 16.8 20.6 13.7 16.8 13.4 13.8 21.3 17.9 13.6 10.1 16.0 19.7 12.3 18.5 10.7 10.1 11.9 18.0 15.0 16.6 14.5

14.9% 21.7 17.3 17.6 15.0 11.7 12.0 15.5 12.3 16.9 16.7 17.8 19.5 16.3 18.0 13.5 17.6 14.5 18.6 16.3 14.6 14.5 15.9 12.7 16.7 15.4 19.4 14.1 20.0 15.6 15.2 23.2 15.0 17.1 13.5 14.2 21.0 17.9 13.7 11.4 16.7 18.9 12.3 19.3 12.7 11.2 14.9 18.7 15.5 15.9 13.7

10–13

14–17

18–20+

15.9% 17.0 14.2 15.6 16.6 13.1 15.4 16.6 13.7 14.7 16.0 16.2 15.4 13.2 15.2 13.9 16.4 15.1 15.0 14.7 18.2 16.6 13.9 16.4 15.3 14.9 15.6 13.2 15.2 17.2 14.5 16.8 14.1 16.2 16.7 14.3 15.6 17.0 13.5 13.8 17.8 16.9 13.2 16.8 15.8 14.8 16.4 16.1 15.2 14.9 15.2

25.7% 16.4 21.7 25.6 32.1 34.8 41.9 37.0 26.8 22.9 28.5 25.7 23.6 18.9 22.0 37.4 32.0 37.0 22.8 25.0 35.4 39.1 28.9 41.6 25.1 27.2 22.4 36.5 18.2 29.5 23.2 17.0 28.9 25.5 38.6 30.3 16.1 21.2 32.7 40.1 28.0 21.2 43.5 21.1 37.0 46.6 40.2 19.4 34.3 31.1 37.7

11.3% 4.3 6.0 0.0 5.4 14.1 1.8 2.7 24.8 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 13.5 3.2 2.6 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.9 3.0 0.1 6.3 1.5 5.3 10.1 1.7 7.7 0.4 6.4 3.1 0.0 13.2 3.8 2.4 5.9 0.0 5.8 8.3 8.7 0.4 1.1 2.6 0.0 8.0 5.0 2.8 3.3 1.2 2.4 5.3

* In foster care on September 30, 2009. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “Age of Children in Foster Care: In Foster Care on 9/30,” at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-10

Children’s Defense Fund

Children in foster care are disproportionately Black. Black children account for 45 percent or more of the children in foster care in about a quarter of the states and the District of Columbia.

Children in Foster Care, by Race/Ethnicity, FY 2009

Number of children in foster care

White

46.6% 24.8 37.0 57.6 21.5 44.1 32.0 32.3 0.6 46.5 40.7 10.7 70.1 35.0 58.1 63.5 65.2 73.7 46.9 82.8 21.0 46.3 40.8 42.5 41.9 65.8 48.8 54.7 39.9 79.9 24.3 23.8 18.4 45.5 55.2 50.1 36.1 55.5 38.8 48.1 44.5 29.5 60.5 28.7 63.1 96.5 46.0 49.6 85.1 43.6 74.2

Black 43.1% 3.7 10.0 25.9 23.4 13.6 28.0 54.5 86.7 36.2 47.4 1.3 2.1 56.7 27.9 15.1 20.6 15.3 48.0 2.4 69.7 16.4 44.9 18.3 52.8 29.0 1.2 18.9 25.2 2.7 49.1 3.4 48.3 39.7 3.7 37.8 17.6 0.9 45.0 15.5 44.7 2.8 28.5 24.8 4.9 1.8 37.7 9.4 5.2 36.2 4.8

Percent distribution by race/ ethnicity Native American Hawaiian, Indian/ Other Two Alaska Pacific or more Hispanic Native Asian Islander races Unknown 3.9% 4.6 42.2 6.7 47.5 36.9 32.1 7.9 6.9 12.7 7.1 4.5 13.0 5.6 7.7 8.3 8.9 4.3 1.6 4.6 3.4 26.9 5.6 9.6 2.1 2.8 5.5 12.5 24.7 8.7 15.6 58.6 21.8 8.1 5.5 3.1 15.1 12.0 10.1 23.8 3.9 6.6 5.6 40.9 23.7 0.8 9.3 15.5 1.8 8.9 12.3

0.1% 55.5 3.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 7.7 0.1 0.1 2.0 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 15.4 0.1 0.3 35.5 7.6 1.0 0.3 0.1 9.7 0.2 1.2 25.1 0.1 8.7 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.1 52.8 0.2 0.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 10.9 0.0 4.0 1.8

0.1% 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 10.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1

0.0% 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 20.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

3.9% 7.8 3.7 9.3 4.5 3.8 6.3 4.5 2.8 3.6 4.3 50.2 6.1 0.1 5.8 2.2 3.3 4.2 1.6 5.3 3.2 4.6 7.4 8.9 1.7 0.9 6.8 2.2 7.3 2.9 2.2 3.8 2.7 4.5 8.9 4.9 22.4 22.1 0.7 7.0 6.3 8.1 2.6 4.0 2.6 0.0 5.8 11.3 7.1 4.5 1.2

2.2% 0.5 2.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.2 0.3 7.4 0.3 2.2 1.6 3.6 1.8 3.6 0.3 3.2 1.2 0.9 2.1 3.4 0.1 5.0 8.3 0.3 8.1 0.6 0.1 1.6 0.0 7.7 4.8 2.2 0.4 0.0 2.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.4 0.9 5.6

* In Foster Care on September 30, 2009 Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration of Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, 2009 Race and Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care, available at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-11

In 21 states, the percent of Black children in foster care is more than twice their proportion in the general child population.

Overrepresentation of Black Children in Foster Care, FY 2009 Black children as a percent of Number of children Total Black Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

All children 30.3% 5.4 5.6 19.3 6.9 5.5 12.8 24.9 65.0 21.6 32.7 4.7 1.8 17.5 11.4 4.4 7.7 9.7 37.9 2.5 32.9 9.7 17.1 7.1 43.4 14.2 1.6 6.3 9.4 2.5 16.9 4.2 20.3 24.1 2.0 15.0 9.9 2.9 14.3 8.9 32.6 2.1 20.7 12.5 1.9 1.8 22.4 5.0 5.0 9.0 2.5

Children in foster care 43.1% 3.7 10.0 25.9 23.4 13.6 28.0 54.5 86.7 36.2 47.4 1.3 2.1 56.7 27.9 15.1 20.6 15.3 48.0 2.4 69.7 16.4 44.9 18.3 52.8 29.0 1.2 18.9 25.2 2.7 49.1 3.4 48.3 39.7 3.7 37.8 17.6 0.9 45.0 15.5 44.7 2.8 28.5 24.8 4.9 1.8 37.7 9.4 5.2 36.2 4.8

Ratio of Black children in foster care to Black children in population 1.4 0.7 1.8 1.3 3.4 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.7 1.4 0.3 1.2 3.2 2.4 3.5 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.1 1.7 2.6 2.6 1.2 2.0 0.8 3.0 2.7 1.1 2.9 0.8 2.4 1.6 1.9 2.5 1.8 0.3 3.1 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.0 4.0 1.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, State by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, at http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration of Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “2009 Race and Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care,” available at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-12

Children’s Defense Fund

In the majority of states and the District of Columbia, at least one-third of children in foster care between one and two years experience three or more placements.

Placement Stability, 2009 Number of Placements by Time in Care Children with two or fewer placements: In care less In care at least In care than 12 12 but less 24 months months than 24 months or longer Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

69.8% 82.6 87.0 74.8 82.8 83.3 86.7 82.1 78.0 84.9 74.3 87.1 88.2 83.0 89.1 88.0 78.5 86.6 78.9 86.0 84.6 74.0 85.8 86.8 78.2 91.0 87.1 84.2 82.9 86.0 87.4 88.5 89.1 92.8 85.2 74.0 73.7 87.4 87.0 88.4 77.6 87.1 79.8 82.5 77.2 72.2 86.1 86.7 86.7 86.7 82.9

49.8% 54.8 65.5 44.0 61.7 64.3 66.1 59.8 55.2 60.8 52.7 67.1 61.9 68.7 66.0 61.3 52.3 60.1 54.3 69.3 76.8 48.7 72.6 58.3 56.6 92.7 63.9 55.4 57.2 63.1 72.4 55.1 72.4 75.7 54.6 70.3 47.2 63.6 64.7 62.0 40.8 55.7 54.8 55.1 41.2 43.9 66.0 66.2 66.2 64.7 59.1

27.6% 23.9 29.2 16.8 33.8 33.8 30.8 28.1 21.5 30.5 27.2 40.5 35.3 35.6 36.7 26.6 28.8 29.6 28.3 26.1 32.1 23.3 46.5 28.2 26.4 91.0 34.9 26.0 26.3 42.9 45.7 25.3 43.9 44.6 38.6 37.3 25.3 33.4 43.4 34.7 17.8 19.0 35.8 22.2 17.0 18.5 36.4 45.2 36.2 40.7 38.5

Children with three or more placements: In care less In care at least In care than 12 12 but less 24 months months than 24 months or longer 19.4% 17.4 11.8 24.4 16.9 11.1 13.3 17.7 20.7 14.7 23.7 10.2 11.8 17.0 10.9 12.0 21.0 13.4 20.3 13.3 9.3 25.9 14.2 13.2 17.7 9.0 12.9 15.8 16.3 13.1 12.6 11.5 10.2 7.2 14.8 10.0 25.4 12.6 13.0 11.6 22.4 12.9 19.7 17.5 21.4 27.8 13.5 12.7 13.3 13.3 13.7

45.8% 45.2 34.5 55.8 38.2 34.9 33.9 40.2 44.8 39.0 47.1 32.4 38.1 31.3 34.0 38.7 45.5 39.9 45.7 30.8 19.5 51.3 27.4 41.7 42.9 7.3 36.1 44.6 42.4 36.9 27.6 44.9 27.5 24.3 45.4 29.4 52.8 36.4 35.3 38.0 59.2 44.3 45.2 44.9 58.8 56.1 33.8 33.8 33.8 35.3 39.6

69.7% 76.1 70.8 83.1 66.1 65.9 66.1 71.9 78.0 69.3 72.7 59.5 64.7 64.4 63.3 73.4 69.8 70.4 71.7 73.9 66.9 76.7 53.5 71.8 73.6 9.0 65.1 74.0 73.6 57.1 54.3 74.7 56.1 55.4 61.4 62.6 74.6 66.6 56.6 65.3 82.2 81.0 64.2 77.8 83.0 81.5 63.5 54.7 63.8 59.3 61.5

* In care on September 30, 2009. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau,” Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, Table 6.1 “Number of Placements by Time in Care,” at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-13

The median length of time a child spends in foster care before exiting is over a year; more than half of the children exit through reunification with family.

Exits of Children from Foster Care, 2009 Number of children who exited foster care

Median length of stay (months)

Adoption

Guardianship

Reunification

Other, missing data

2,822 851 7,233 3,891 36,643 5,971 2,932 555 703 16,064 7,483 1,403 1,446 5,108 8,382 4,457 3,615 5,183 3,660 928 2,692 6,553 9,010 6,237 1,952 4,983 912 3,588 3,089 561 5,320 2,149 12,808 4,970 821 8,218 6,465 4,745 12,271 1,493 3,669 1,374 6,218 13,942 1,962 644 3,304 5,504 2,928 4,772 1,030

13.3 23.0 11.0 3.3 14.8 8.4 17.3 16.9 26.6 12.4 13.6 8.7 11.3 33.0 9.7 14.4 16.9 9.4 11.7 20.5 27.4 11.6 20.9 5.3 12.7 14.2 12.3 14.7 12.3 14.9 13.8 6.4 15.2 17.2 9.5 11.1 18.7 16.6 12.7 12.8 7.2 5.5 10.4 17.6 11.0 18.5 18.9 13.9 11.8 11.2 8.1

8.0% 37.1 22.9 15.1 19.4 15.9 22.3 22.5 15.2 21.7 17.4 19.1 23.3 27.6 17.7 20.1 22.8 15.6 15.8 33.2 24.1 11.9 22.6 10.5 14.8 20.2 20.2 15.0 17.2 25.8 26.1 23.1 18.1 29.2 11.1 16.0 23.1 23.2 18.2 18.7 14.3 12.1 16.1 35.2 24.2 23.8 20.0 30.9 17.9 14.5 6.6

0.0% 3.8 9.1 3.3 6.6 4.8 8.9 14.4 12.2 24.0 7.6 8.0 6.1 10.0 8.5 6.8 7.1 0.2 0.9 8.3 6.4 7.2 4.1 8.6 4.7 11.1 5.0 8.0 3.9 2.1 5.5 1.5 0.0 12.4 0.0 9.4 7.6 6.1 8.4 5.5 0.9 5.4 2.3 2.3 8.8 2.8 0.0 25.0 5.2 5.0 4.8

69.6% 49.0 52.6 73.6 56.1 64.1 46.7 43.4 46.5 45.0 63.2 59.2 61.2 40.0 65.2 62.5 54.0 66.8 73.9 40.2 35.0 63.8 52.3 66.7 74.6 62.3 63.6 65.0 67.8 51.3 58.9 68.2 66.0 46.7 66.5 59.6 59.3 59.0 58.4 60.3 74.0 60.7 70.2 50.2 51.9 57.0 44.9 37.2 71.6 67.8 82.4

22.4% 10.1 15.4 8.0 17.9 15.2 22.1 19.6 26.0 9.3 11.8 13.7 9.4 22.4 8.7 10.7 16.0 17.4 9.4 18.3 34.5 17.1 21.1 14.1 5.9 6.5 11.1 12.0 11.1 20.7 9.6 7.3 15.9 11.7 22.4 15.0 10.0 11.7 15.0 15.5 10.8 21.8 11.4 12.2 15.2 16.4 35.1 6.8 5.4 12.6 6.2

276,266

13.7

Percent distribution by type of exit

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “Overview Foster Care Information: Exited Care” and Table 3.1 “Exits of Children From Foster Care,” at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, “The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2009 Estimates as of July 2010,” at . Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-14

Children’s Defense Fund

Over 29,000 youth emancipated from foster care in 2009. These youth are at increased risk of not graduating from high school, not enrolling in college and being unemployed, incarcerated or homeless.

Youth Who Exit Foster Care to Emancipation, 2009

Number Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

280 46 700 292 5,137 590 452 103 167 1,472 708 138 108 1,094 137 474 476 865 293 157 778 1,070 1,143 680 76 52 51 330 263 69 370 106 1,397 492 92 1,033 485 255 942 151 359 72 587 1,522 193 88 943 263 72 472 37

Percent of youth who exited foster care through emancipation 9.9% 5.4 9.7 7.5 14.0 9.9 15.4 18.6 23.8 9.2 9.5 9.8 7.5 21.4 1.6 10.6 13.2 16.7 8.0 16.9 28.9 16.3 12.7 10.9 3.9 1.0 5.6 9.2 8.5 12.3 7.0 4.9 10.9 9.9 11.2 12.6 7.5 5.4 7.7 10.1 9.8 5.2 9.4 10.9 9.8 13.7 28.5 4.8 2.5 9.9 3.6

Of the youth who emancipated out of foster, the percent who: Entered care at age 12 or younger 37.9% 34.8 17.0 18.2 38.8 20.7 36.3 15.5 46.7 25.4 26.7 29.7 16.7 54.7 13.1 24.1 17.0 14.8 39.6 44.6 44.9 25.1 30.5 28.1 27.6 21.2 43.1 11.8 19.4 29.0 22.7 22.6 38.8 23.4 15.2 20.6 39.8 43.1 23.2 35.1 31.8 40.3 10.2 41.4 13.0 17.0 22.0 51.7 20.8 28.6 8.1

Entered care older than 12 62.1% 63.0 83.0 81.8 61.2 79.3 63.7 84.5 53.3 74.5 73.3 70.3 83.3 45.3 86.9 75.9 83.0 85.2 60.4 55.4 55.1 74.9 69.3 71.9 72.4 78.8 56.9 88.2 80.6 71.0 73.0 77.4 61.1 76.4 84.8 79.4 60.2 56.9 76.8 64.9 68.2 59.7 89.8 58.6 87.0 83.0 78.0 48.3 79.2 71.4 91.9

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “Overview Foster Care Information: Exited Care” and Table 3.4, at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-15

The number of children adopted from foster care almost doubled between 1995 and 2000, but increased by less than seven thousand children (13%) between 2000 and 2009.

Adoptions from Foster Care, Selected Years, FYs 1995–2009 FY 1995 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

FY 2000

FY 2005

FY 2009

128 103 215 84 3,094 338 198 38 86 904 383 42 46 1,759 520 227 333 197 292 85 324 1,073 1,717 232 109 538 104 208 155 51 616 141 4,579 289 42 1,202 226 427 1,018 216 231 42 458 804 283 62 320 645 139 360 10

202 202 853 325 8,818 711 499 103 319 1,629 1,091 280 140 5,664 1,160 729 468 398 476 379 552 861 2,804 614 288 1,265 238 293 231 97 832 347 4,234 1,337 108 2,044 1,096 831 1,712 260 378 94 431 2,045 303 117 448 1,141 352 736 61

324 204 1,012 316 7,490 954 740 78 310 3,019 1,127 452 149 1,837 1,010 947 649 876 469 316 620 832 2,883 732 242 1,309 244 352 412 124 1,377 289 3,407 1,203 152 2,044 1,013 1,030 2,065 217 382 113 1,114 3,181 346 166 510 1,305 368 906 61

629 329 1,653 601 7,438 1,070 768 125 103 3,711 1,389 279 353 1,429 1,488 967 836 842 578 323 734 790 3,200 660 306 1,096 192 588 525 135 1,347 437 2,398 1,725 137 1,453 1,564 1,101 2,243 272 513 167 1,001 4,976 502 156 663 2,091 541 769 71

25,693

50,596

51,278

57,264

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau, “Adoptions of Children with Public Welfare Agency Involvement by State FY 2002 – FY 2009,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/adoptchild09.pdf. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-16

Children’s Defense Fund

While the number of children waiting in foster care to be adopted has declined nationally and in all but a handful of states, the number is still way too high.

Children in Public Foster Care Waiting to be Adopted, FYs 2004–2009

FY2004

FY2005

FY2006

FY2007

FY2008

FY 2009

1,599 649 2,124 949 16,299 1,684 986 218 837 7,690 2,507 1,019 310 3,432 2,550 1,139 1,926 1,969 1,179 851 2,202 3,006 6,486 1,795 914 3,227 713 920 1,573 239 5,110 634 10,650 3,074 277 4,814 4,471 3,302 3,996 331 1,769 480 1,776 9,957 437 267 1,611 2,317 976 1,341 171

2,128 520 2,478 1,191 16,700 1,785 953 274 620 7,379 2,370 980 373 3,408 3,194 1,265 1,811 2,125 1,162 787 1,954 2,925 7,061 1,579 858 3,532 646 916 1,701 272 4,845 711 9,238 3,137 344 4,350 3,504 3,441 3,679 407 1,819 472 1,717 10,947 436 265 1,823 2,167 1,312 1,364 200

1,658 698 2,644 945 21,202 2,099 963 302 667 7,480 2,305 808 555 5,746 3,345 1,419 2,005 2,091 1,079 679 1,626 2,705 6,164 1,638 903 2,722 606 972 1,786 252 4,725 860 8,040 3,116 321 4,087 3,657 2,776 3,559 405 1,771 507 1,788 12,542 475 251 1,783 2,361 1,204 1,237 209

1,824 766 2,492 780 20,830 1,762 1,162 311 560 7,927 2,162 733 593 5,598 3,211 1,299 1,812 2,153 1,137 614 1,660 2,868 6,115 1,674 898 2,836 597 805 1,936 325 3,262 963 7,659 3,095 337 3,762 4,022 2,527 3,408 400 1,779 452 1,622 13,552 574 257 1,834 2,837 1,278 1,284 151

1,692 807 2,153 872 17,847 1,878 1,430 304 493 7,942 2,244 555 576 4,608 2,931 1,158 1,960 2,101 1,069 619 1,506 2,846 5,674 1,393 996 2,606 521 881 2,200 297 3,009 907 7,014 2,903 288 3,477 3,766 2,206 3,037 415 1,803 423 1,477 13,414 553 225 1,769 3,025 1,300 1,329 98

1,582 751 2,691 850 15,634 1,647 1,354 239 486 6,349 1,791 401 498 2,728 3,136 1,003 1,852 2,048 1,093 571 1,220 2,837 4,902 1,227 975 2,335 537 831 2,095 272 2,688 878 6,890 2,722 315 3,382 3,429 1,840 3,016 333 1,807 380 1,326 12,844 565 231 1,612 2,865 1,220 1,255 73

128,753

129,125

133,738

132,495

124,597

113,606

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, “Children in Public Foster Care on September 30th of Each Year Who are Waiting to be Adopted FY2002–FY2009,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/waiting2009.pdf.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-17

Some children are being raised by grandparents or other relatives when their parents are unable to do so. More than 2.8 million grandchildren live with grandparents who are responsible for them. One-third of them have no parent living with them.

Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives, 2009

Other Relative

Grandchildren living with grandparents responsible for them: No parent of grandchild present Total

Number

Percent

5,345,635

1,748,481

2,867,125

943,356

32.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B09006 and B10002. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-18

Children’s Defense Fund

Juvenile Justice

he juvenile justice system is often the end of the line for youth facing multiple risks. Children born poor, with unmet health and mental health needs, and/or who have been victims of violence and spend time in foster care are at increased risk of ending up in the criminal justice system. Racial and ethnic disparities are rampant. Every night, approximately 87,000 youth are housed in juvenile residential placements, ranging from non-secure community-based group homes to long-term confinement in youth prisons located far away from their homes. An additional 10,000 youth are in adult jails and prisons awaiting trial or serving sentences. As youth return to their communities from confinement, challenges continue. They may need support to stay in school, find a job, and manage substance abuse and mental illness. Too often they end up reentering the system or moving on in the prison pipeline. • Minority youth make up approximately two-thirds of the youth in the juvenile justice system. • Total juvenile arrest rates peaked in 1996 at 9,443 per 100,000 youth ages 10 to 17 and fell by one-third in 2008 (to 6,318 per 100,000). In 2008 juvenile arrest rates fell below 1980 levels for all racial groups (White, Asian, and American Indian), except for Black youth. • The number of girls arrested has grown by 50 percent since 1980; American Indian girls are four times and Black girls three times more likely to be incarcerated than White girls. • Black juveniles are over three times more likely than all other groups to be arrested for a violent offense. • Black youth are more than four times as likely and Hispanic youth two times as likely as White youth to be in residential placement. • Black youth represent only 17 percent of the overall youth population; however, they make up 62 percent of youth prosecuted in adult court.

J-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Young people face multiple risk factors that can lead them off course from a path toward successful adulthood to prison or death.

Youth at Risk Averaged freshman completion rate2

Percent of youth (ages 10-20+) in foster care

Juvenile arrests3

(2009)

(2007-08)

(2009)

(2007)

7.2 5.5 7.5 7.0 5.2 7.5 4.4 5.8 7.4 7.1 7.5 7.4 6.2 5.9 7.3 5.1 5.1 7.0 7.8 3.9 4.7 4.2 5.7 3.7 7.4 7.2 8.6 5.2 11.0 2.6 3.4 9.1 5.5 7.3 4.7 5.0 8.3 5.9 5.1 6.7 6.6 5.5 5.1 7.3 4.8 4.5 3.6 6.1 8.8 3.9 7.8

69.0 69.1 70.7 76.4 71.2 75.4 82.2 72.1 56.0 66.9 65.4 76.0 80.1 80.4 74.1 86.4 79.1 74.4 63.5 79.1 80.4 81.5 76.3 86.4 63.9 82.4 82.0 83.8 51.3 83.4 84.6 66.8 70.8 72.8 83.8 79.0 78.0 76.7 82.7 76.4 n/a 84.4 74.9 73.1 74.3 89.3 77.0 71.9 77.3 89.6 76.0

52.9 37.7 41.9 41.2 54.1 62.0 59.1 56.3 65.3 37.6 44.7 42.0 39.0 45.6 40.4 53.9 49.0 52.9 37.9 40.6 56.6 55.8 49.1 59.5 45.7 52.2 39.7 57.4 33.8 53.1 40.8 33.8 56.2 45.5 57.7 50.5 31.7 44.0 54.5 62.6 46.2 39.2 59.3 37.9 60.8 66.4 59.4 38.8 50.7 48.4 58.2

11,035 3,780 50,921 11,745 203,345 37,890 18,665 6,647 768 105,805 42,572 11,341 13,735 29,961 35,390 18,341 9,585 7,946 18,674 6,899 41,400 16,079 35,771 42,324 11,715 43,005 6,948 14,591 23,988 7,417 48,407 9,666 41,671 36,830 6,170 40,191 20,280 24,411 87,747 5,184 21,129 6,091 34,792 170,190 26,491 1,531 33,789 26,080 2,244 84,143 6,071

1,650 321 1,485 810 14,034 1,752 426 369 288 5,733 2,736 129 528 2,565 2,727 954 1,146 1,116 1,350 204 930 969 2,748 1,317 450 1,227 210 708 996 156 1,677 378 3,612 1,035 213 4,332 864 1,299 4,554 312 1,200 456 1,263 7,035 867 45 2,124 1,527 570 1,422 249

63 14 78 31 424 32 14 7 25 169 102 0 14 146 50 14 35 40 106 5 83 30 113 28 48 78 7 15 37 1 53 34 107 86 3 99 41 15 123 0 56 6 59 235 15 2 73 30 9 52 6

1,053,234

6.0

74.9

49.0

1,621,391

86,814

2,913

Dropouts1 Number Percent (2009)

Juveniles in Firearm residential-deaths, placement ages 10–19 4 (2007)

ages 16–19 not enrolled who have not graduated from high school or received an alternate credential.

2 Percent

of ninth graders graduating within four years with a regular diploma.

3 Data

reporting incomplete for District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, New York and Minnesota.

4 Total

firearm deaths and homicide firearm deaths exclude firearm deaths by legal (police or corrections) intervention.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table B14005; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public School Graduates and Dropouts From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2007–08 (October 2010), Table 2 and 3; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, Age of Children in Foster Care (%): In Foster Care on 9/30, at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/; U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2009 (September 2010), Table 69; and U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juveniles in Residential Placement, 1997–2008 (February 2010), p. 2; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, WISQARS, data accessed February 2008, April 2009, and June 2010. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

J-3

Black children and teens 10–17 are more likely to be arrested than any other race.

Juvenile Arrest Rates, by Race, 1980–2008 Arrests per 100,000 persons ages 10–17

Arrests per 100,000 ages 10–17 18,000 16,000 14,000

12,160.7

Black

12,000 10,000 All races

8,000

6,317.7

White 6,000

5,562.0 5,549.9

American Indian

4,000

Asian

2,120.2

2,000 0

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

All Races

White

Black

American Indian

Asian

7,414.3 7,384.8 7,345.0 6,750.8 6,765.8 7,245.2 7,505.0 7,527.5 7,599.9 7,730.9 8,031.3 8,376.6 8,230.0 8,422.8 9,252.8 9,286.2 9,443.4 9,404.2 8,528.1 7,888.2 7,288.6 6,882.9 6,751.7 6,565.9 6,512.8 6,342.5 6,630.6 6,567.8 6,317.7

6,905.8 6,751.3 6,583.5 6,159.4 6,235.4 6,781.4 6,985.7 6,928.6 6,946.5 6,962.0 7,225.8 7,448.3 7,173.9 7,213.4 8,022.2 7,958.4 8,331.2 8,156.0 7,621.3 7,145.1 6,753.4 6,312.4 6,259.2 6,018.1 5,890.8 5,535.0 5,783.1 5,698.2 5,549.9

11,599.9 12,765.7 13,299.5 11,953.3 11,760.0 12,154.8 12,845.1 13,189.8 13,574.9 14,698.0 14,062.5 15,177.1 15,638.6 16,231.8 17,131.7 17,495.8 16,647.0 15,504.8 13,966.0 12,371.0 11,525.3 11,379.8 10,752.3 10,709.5 10,874.3 11,443.9 12,190.1 12,282.3 12,160.7

7,456.2 6,216.9 6,055.2 5,356.3 5,520.3 6,435.0 6,252.0 6,434.3 6,751.1 6,965.1 7,254.6 6,969.2 6,878.4 7,413.3 8,000.1 8,218.2 8,791.4 8,547.8 6,928.3 7,129.9 6,193.7 5,781.9 5,978.0 5,934.1 5,711.5 5,885.8 5,480.2 5,940.2 5,562.0

3,417.0 3,138.1 3,191.4 2,743.4 2,676.1 3,022.3 2,965.2 3,269.3 3,549.4 2,234.1 3,417.5 3,784.4 3,804.9 3,965.4 4,261.3 4,136.9 4,382.7 3,926.3 3,213.7 3,155.1 2,921.5 2,491.3 2,562.6 2,467.2 2,179.1 1,903.9 2,143.2 1,412.8 2,120.2

2008

Note: Person of Hispanic ethnicity may be of any race. Arrests of Hispanics are not reported separately. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Arrest Rates by Offense, Sex, and Race (1980–2008).

J-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Juvenile arrest rates for violent offenses peaked in 1994, and steadily declined for almost a decade. The rate for Black youth increased in 2005, and is currently more than five times the rate for White youth.

Juvenile Arrest Rates for Violent Offenses,* by Race, 1980–2008

Arrests per 100,000 persons ages 10–17

Arrests per 100,000 persons ages 10–17 1,800 1,600 1,400 Black

1,200

926.2

1,000 800 600 400

All races

American Indian

288.1 177.6 153.0 70.7

White

200

Asian

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2008

*Includes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Arrest Rates by Offense, Sex, and Race (1980-2008), at .

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

All Races

White

Black

American Indian

Asian

334.1 322.6 314.5 296.0 297.5 303.0 316.7 310.6 326.5 381.6 428.4 460.8 481.6 503.6 525.4 516.3 458.6 440.7 367.9 337.4 307.8 295.8 276.4 272.4 269.4 282.4 302.0 292.5 288.1

189.4 178.9 174.6 162.0 163.2 172.3 178.8 172.6 184.7 218.2 253.5 282.9 291.8 298.6 315.1 308.2 292.4 271.2 255.3 241.5 219.7 211.4 196.1 186.4 182.4 176.4 184.6 180.3 177.6

1,190.4 1,193.1 1,146.7 1,102.7 1,110.4 1,096.3 1,150.0 1,142.4 1,160.6 1,360.9 1,433.8 1,503.8 1,579.4 1,664.0 1,697.4 1,668.2 1,398.9 1,138.0 983.9 856.3 818.6 787.7 735.6 751.9 746.0 850.8 935.0 902.7 926.2

211.8 169.1 200.5 161.1 153.9 183.3 175.7 181.8 205.3 204.1 217.4 225.6 243.9 274.9 315.6 312.3 282.9 249.2 247.2 235.4 198.5 185.2 201.2 173.4 174.2 181.5 174.2 182.8 153.0

134.0 106.7 118.0 98.2 90.2 86.5 86.8 91.9 113.7 109.1 133.9 157.0 157.9 172.0 193.1 189.3 201.1 152.2 132.3 127.3 116.3 99.5 96.1 87.8 77.9 71.0 78.8 56.8 70.7

* Includes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Arrest Rates by Offense, Sex, and Race (1980–2008).

State of America’s Children® 2011

J-5

The national rate of residential placement 1 in the United States is 295 per 100,000. Black youth have the highest rate of residential placement at 767 per 100,000. The rate for Black youth is four times, for American Indian youth three times, and Hispanic youth two times that of White youth.

Juveniles in Residential Placement, by Race, 2007 Percent of total Total, all races

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

Hispanic

39% 38 38 46 15 41 27 24 1 41 20 12 71 33 62 66 51 62 24 69 23 33 39 42 25 49 51 44 35 75 13 19 29 31 52 43 43 68 29 46 37 39 44 21 62 93 28 52 74 44 64

59% 11 15 41 27 26 42 67 97 53 71 0 5 44 30 19 28 33 74 18 71 33 53 34 64 44 17 33 33 10 66 11 46 58 8 51 37 9 59 33 47 15 49 36 10 0 62 17 16 43 13

2% 1 38 10 54 30 27 7 2 5 6 7 18 18 6 8 16 2 1 7 4 29 3 7 7 3 9 17 27 13 19 62 20 6 6 3 9 16 10 17 14 7 4 42 22 0 7 20 5 5 14

United States

85,068

American Indian

Asian American

0% 37 7 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 1 0 19 5 2 2 0 6 1 1 32 0 9 4 0 0 1 37 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 3 6

0% 5 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 67 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 3 0

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and National Center for Juvenile Justice, Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook, Race/Ethnicity by State, 2007, available at .

J-6

Children’s Defense Fund

Juveniles in Residential Placement, by Race, 2007 Rate per 100,000 juveniles Total, all races

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

Hispanic

American Indian/ Alaska Native

Asian American/ Pacific Islander

323 386 208 259 331 341 149 400 583 313 286 101 298 205 381 295 371 246 314 150 148 166 275 231 131 217 205 360 348 125 177 171 236 145 324 339 219 331 342 282 291 514 191 288 259 70 260 218 320 269 443

200 241 166 170 143 212 57 156 47 240 108 53 258 116 294 222 246 179 136 110 63 73 148 119 65 135 125 196 250 101 38 103 124 73 197 183 142 297 129 180 181 250 117 151 198 69 114 157 256 149 336

590 801 653 518 1,164 1,575 519 1,026 743 780 578 0 998 471 953 1,323 1,274 815 600 1,293 310 681 767 1,167 186 621 2,612 1,868 1,121 610 725 616 597 315 1,690 1,093 753 974 1,413 1,263 391 3,956 426 788 1,527 0 669 668 1,048 1,236 3,170

162 57 204 361 390 408 265 340 145 75 225 62 378 202 372 407 514 166 62 625 90 418 181 305 400 161 423 575 284 477 198 200 248 102 659 279 195 357 505 290 964 1,010 191 283 431 0 253 330 1,112 193 656

109 688 243 347 317 570 369 0 0 195 118 0 1,268 1,468 146 1,059 698 0 217 0 157 188 312 1,715 318 0 400 1,340 508 843 0 94 454 123 1,174 275 173 869 130 0 957 1,365 0 127 752 0 253 567 0 670 785

0 310 35 156 82 103 32 0 0 59 11 110 0 71 0 222 321 0 47 0 31 107 25 139 187 104 0 84 105 136 18 0 31 39 464 16 225 108 66 90 112 741 63 35 95 0 47 90 238 280 0

271

158

979

337

438

103

United States

State of America’s Children® 2011

J-7

Approximately one-third of juveniles in residential placement are held for offenses against persons, and about two-thirds are held for property, public order, a drug offense, technical violations and status offenses.

Offense Profile of Juveniles in Residential Placements, 2007 40 36%

35 30 24%

Percent

25 20

15% 13%

5 0

1 2 3

Person1

Property2

Technical violation

Public order

Drug

Status offense3

Person (aggravated assault, simple assault, robbery) Property (burglary, theft, auto theft) Status offense (running away, underage drinking, incorrigibility)

J-8

Children’s Defense Fund

The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that approximately 2,778 youth under age 18 were held in custody in adult state prisons in 2009.1 Some states do not hold any youth in adult prisons, but the vast majority do.

Youth Under 18 in Adult Prisons, 2009 United States Florida Connecticut* North Carolina* New York Arizona Texas Michigan Nevada Alabama Illinois Georgia South Carolina Ohio Colorado Pennsylvania Maryland Indiana Wisconsin Missouri Mississippi Delaware* Tennessee Nebraska New Jersey** Oklahoma Arkansas Virginia Louisiana** Oregon Minnesota Iowa Massachusetts Alaska* Utah Kansas Vermont* New Mexico Washington** Hawaii* Wyoming Montana South Dakota** Rhode Island* Idaho California** West Virginia Kentucky North Dakota New Hampshire Maine

2,778 393 332 215 190 157 156 156 118 118 106 99 89 86 79 61 58 54 37 31 28 28 22 21 21 19 17 16 15 13 13 13 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

* Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. ** Counts include those held in privately-operated facilities. 1 Most states unless noted reported the number of youth held in adult prisons only; the number of youth in adult jails was reported separately. The estimated number of juveniles held in adult prisons and jails is approximately 10,000. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009 – Statistical Tables, Table 21, available at .

State of America’s Children® 2011

J-9

Treating Children Like Adults in the Justice System In the “tough on crime” era of the 1980s and ’90s, many states enacted laws making it easier to prosecute children as adults. Today, approximately 250,000 children are prosecuted, sentenced or incarcerated as adults each year in the United States.1 Many researchers, advocates and practitioners agree that children in adult facilities are at greater risk of abuse, injury and death. Evidence also suggests that incarcerating children with adults is not good for public safety. In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a study and found that children transferred to adult court are approximately 34 percent more likely to be rearrested for a violent offense than children retained in the juvenile system who committed similar offenses.2 In 2011, the Campaign For Youth Justice reported the following key facts about children transferred to the adult criminal justice system:3 • About 10,000 children are held in adult jails and prisons on any given night. • Two-thirds of children who are sent to adult court reside in adult facilities while they are awaiting trial. • Most of the children prosecuted in adult court are charged with non-violent offenses. • A survey of adult facilities found that 40 percent of jails offer no educational services at all; only 11 percent provide special education services; and seven percent provide vocational training. • The National Prison Rape Elimination Commission found that “more than any other group of incarcerated persons, youth incarcerated with adults are probably at the highest risk for sexual abuse.” • Florida is the state with the highest number of children in adult prisons (393). • African-American youth represent only 17 percent of the overall youth population, however, they make up 62 percent of those prosecuted in adult court. They are also nine times more likely than White youth to receive an adult prison sentence.

J-10

Griffin, Patrick. National Institute of Corrections Convening, June 18, 2010.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007) Effects on Violence of Laws and Policies Facilitating the Transfer of Youth from the Juvenile to the Adult Justice System: A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventative Services. MMWR 2007; 56 (No. RR-9). Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5609.pdf.

Campaign For Youth Justice. (2007) State Trends: Legislative Victories from 2005 to 2010 Removing Youth from the Adult Criminal Justice System. Available online at http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/documents/CFYJ_State_Trends_Report.pdf.

Children’s Defense Fund

More Girls Enter the Juvenile Justice System The caseload of girls in the juvenile justice system has greatly increased in the last 30 years. In 1980, girls made up 20 percent of all juvenile arrests.1 By 2009, girls made up 30 percent of all juvenile arrests. The rise in the number of girls in the system seems to be largely due to changes in arrest policies, rather than changes in behavior among girls. 2 Girls are disproportionately arrested for status offenses, or acts that are illegal only when a minor has committed them, such as curfew violations, under-age drinking, running away, and truancy. Most states are attempting to divert status offenders to counseling or other community-based services to prevent entry into the juvenile justice system. However, these alternatives are not available to all who need them, and there are many problems associated with incarcerating girls for status offenses. Girls are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system for status offenses • In 2007, the most recent national data on girls in residential placement showed that girls made up about 14 percent of all youth in placement. These data also showed that girls were disproportionately incarcerated for status offenses. Girls made up I 51 percent of juveniles in residential placement for running away; I 31 percent of truancy offenses; I 36 percent of underage drinking offenses; and I 40 percent of incorrigibility offenses.3 • Girls made up 55 percent of runaway arrests in 2009.4 Other characteristics about girls in the juvenile justice system • Estimates of girls in the juvenile justice system who have been abused range from 40 to 73 percent.5 • Seventy-five percent of girls in the system report being regular users of alcohol and/or drugs.6 • Girls (9%) were more likely than boys (2%) to report forced sexual activity with other youth while in confinement.7 • American Indian and Black girls are four and three times more likely to be incarcerated than White girls, respectively.8 1 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Snyder, Howard N. and Sickmund,

Melissa, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report, at http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/nr2006.pdf>. 2 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, OJJDP In Focus, Girls’ Delinquency,

at . 3 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and National Center for Juvenile Justice, Census of Juveniles in

Residential Placement Databook, Race/Ethnicity by State, 2007, available at . 4 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2009, Table 33, available at

. 5 Chesney-Lind, M. & Sheldon, R.G. (1998). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice. Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. 6 Acoca, L. (1999). Investing in girls: A 21st century strategy. Juvenile Justice, vol 6 (1). Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 7 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report, Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities

Reported by Youth, 2008-2009, available at . 8 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and National Center for Juvenile Justice, Census of

Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook, Race/Ethnicity by State, 2007, available at .

State of America’s Children® 2011

J-11

Gun Violence

or thousands of teens, death from gun violence is the end of the pipeline. In 2007, 3,042 children and teens died from gunfire in the United States—eight every day—as a result of homicide, suicide or accidental shootings. Almost six times as many children and teens – 17,523 – suffered non-fatal gun injuries, which have serious physical and emotional consequences. Random violence, especially in poor communities, drives thousands of vulnerable young people into the pipeline to prison where they remain trapped with little chance of escape. • The 3,042 deaths of children and teens from gunfire in 2007 alone nearly equaled the total number of U.S. combat deaths in Iraq through July 2011 (3,480). • Although there are fewer Black children in America more Black than White children and teens were killed by firearms in 2007. • Black males ages 15–19 are more than five times as likely as White males and more than twice as likely as Hispanic males to be killed by a firearm. White children and teens are six times as likely as any other racial or ethnic group to be victims of firearm-related suicide. • The annual number of firearm deaths of White children and teens decreased by about 54 percent between 1979 and 2007, while the deaths of Black children and teens increased by 61 percent. • Since 1979 gun violence has ended the lives of 110,645 children and teens in America. For additional data on gun violence, see Protect Children, Not Guns 2010.

K-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Children and Teens Killed by Firearms: A Portrait The latest data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that 3,042 children and teens died from gunfire in the United States in 2007—one every three hours, eight every day, 58 every week. 2,161 683 198

were homicide victims committed suicide died in accidental or undetermined circ*mstances

2,665 377

were boys were girls

397 154 85 1,499 1,460 611 43 40

were under age 15 were under age 10 were under age 5 were Black were White were Hispanic* were Asian or Pacific Islander were American Indian or Alaska Native

Almost six times as many children and teens—17,523—suffered non-fatal gun injuries, which also can have serious physical and emotional consequences. There are more than 280 million privately owned firearms in the United States, which is the equivalent of nine firearms for every 10 men, women and children in this country.

* Persons of Hispanic/Latino origin can be of any race; these 678 deaths are included in the four race categories.

State of America’s Children® 2011

K-3

Since 1979, more than 110,000 children and teens have been killed by firearms. Fifty-seven percent were homicides and 31 percent were suicides.

Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Manner, 1979–2007 Total*

Homicide*

Suicide

Accident

Unknown

1979

3,710

1,651

1,220

726

113

1980

3,749

1,743

1,214

689

103

1981

3,589

1,660

1,213

604

112

1982

3,332

1,498

1,207

550

1983

2,962

1,238

1,150

504

1984

3,030

1,289

1,114

552

1985

3,169

1,322

1,256

519

1986

3,349

1,513

1,293

472

1987

3,400

1,573

1,281

467

1988

3,974

1,953

1,387

543

1989

4,384

2,367

1,380

567

1990

4,935

2,852

1,476

541

1991

5,329

3,247

1,436

551

1992

5,353

3,336

1,426

501

1993

5,715

3,625

1,460

526

104

1994

5,793

3,579

1,565

512

137

1995

5,254

3,249

1,450

440

115

1996

4,613

2,836

1,309

376

1997

4,205

2,562

1,262

306

1998

3,761

2,184

1,241

262

1999

3,365

1,990

1,078

214

2000

3,012

1,776

1,007

193

2001

2,911

1,771

928

182

2002

2,867

1,830

828

167

2003

2,827

1,822

810

151

2004

2,825

1,804

846

143

2005

3,006

1,972

822

173

2006

3,184

2,225

763

154

2007

3,042

2,161

683

138

Total

110,645

62,628

34,105

11,723

2,189

*Total firearm deaths and homicide firearm deaths exclude firearm deaths by legal (police or corrections) intervention. Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC WONDER, at , accessed December 2004; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, WISQARS, at , accessed December 2004, January 2006, December 2006, January 2008, April 2009, and June 2010. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund.

K-4

Children’s Defense Fund

More Black than White children and teens were killed by firearms in 2007. Black children and teens are more likely to be victims of homicide. White children and teens are more likely to be victims of suicide.

Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Age, Manner, and Race/Hispanic Origin, 2007 Under 5

Ages 5–9

Ages 10–14

Ages 15–19

Total under age 20

All races Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined intent

85 19 0 63 3

69 20 0 47 2

243 26 53 154 10

2,645 73 630 1,897 45

3,042 138 683 2,161 60

White Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined intent

50 12 0 36 2

43 10 0 31 2

144 22 43 72 7

1,223 43 518 645 17

1,460 87 561 784 28

Black Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined intent

32 6 0 25 1

25 9 0 16 0

91 4 9 76 2

1,351 29 80 1,217 25

1,499 48 89 1,334 28

American Indian, Alaska Native Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined intent

3 1 0 2 0

1 1 0 0 0

4 0 1 3 0

32 1 19 10 2

40 3 20 15 2

Asian, Pacific Islander Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined intent

0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 3 1

39 0 13 25 1

43 0 13 28 2

Hispanic* Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined intent

19 4 0 14 1

8 2 0 6 0

45 2 2 39 2

539 14 90 427 8

611 22 92 486 11

*Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, WISQARS, at , accessed June 2010. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

K-5

Black males ages 15 to 19 are more than five times as likely as White males and more than twice as likely as Hispanic and American Indian males to be killed by firearms.

Firearm Death Rates of Males Ages 15–19, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 80

69.84

Deaths per 100,000 males ages 15–19

70 60 50 40 30

25.81 21.64

18.69

12.40 10

6.97

0 White

Black

Hispanic*

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Total, All Races

K-6

Children’s Defense Fund

Since 1979 the annual number of firearm deaths of White children and teens decreased by about 54 percent, but deaths of Black children and teens increased by 61 percent.

Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Race/Hispanic Origin, 1979–2007

Total

Black

White

American Indian, Alaska Native*

Asian, Pacific Islander*

Hispanic**

1979

3,710

929

2,700

—

1980

3,749

944

2,739

—

1981

3,589

944

2,569

1982

3,332

811

2,450

—

1983

2,962

739

2,155

—

1984

3,030

716

2,238

—

1985

3,169

850

2,241

—

1986

3,349

938

2,337

—

1987

3,400

1,117

2,199

—

1988

3,974

1,458

2,405

—

1989

4,384

1,694

2,563

—

1990

4,935

2,047

2,753

748

1991

5,329

2,297

2,878

883

1992

5,353

2,359

2,834

105

924

1993

5,715

2,600

2,925

139

977

1994

5,793

2,559

3,024

135

993

1995

5,254

2,153

2,898

130

1,005

1996

4,613

1,976

2,475

817

1997

4,205

1,687

2,357

102

748

1998

3,761

1,416

2,197

661

1999

3,365

1,301

1,934

605

2000

3,012

1,149

1,762

568

2001

2,911

1,128

1,695

518

2002

2,867

1,112

1,639

581

2003

2,827

1,172

1,554

553

2004

2,825

1,149

1,568

574

2005

3,006

1,271

1,624

614

2006

3,184

1,441

1,618

678

2007

3,042

1,499

1,460

611

Total

110,645

41,456

65,791

1,421

1,847

13,058

* Data for American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian/Pacific Islander not available for 1979-1980. ** Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Hispanic data not available prior to 1990. For 1990 to 1996, a small number of states with small Hispanic populations did not include Hispanic identifiers in their reporting to the federal government. Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC WONDER, at , accessed December 2004; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Control and Prevention, WISQARS, at , accessed December 2004, January 2006, December 2006, January 2008, April 2009, and June 2010. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

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The number of children and teens killed by firearms increased in 19 states and the District of Columbia and decreased in 29 states between 2006 and 2007.

Firearm Deaths of Children and Teens, by Manner, 2005–2007 Total*

Homicide*

2005 2006 2007 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Suicide

2005 2006 2007

Undetermined Intent

Accident

2005 2006 2007

64 13 102 46 474 44 10 7 26 148 80 2 16 130 62 15 18 36 110 1 75 27 92 42 30 73 18 19 34 1 45 25 93 91 11 118 35 17 138 7 41 11 77 264 10 3 79 44 19 56 7

59 17 112 34 511 46 24 6 23 172 87 1 22 154 74 28 25 30 98 6 79 24 128 28 41 90 6 17 41 2 58 33 115 94 10 106 46 24 159 5 51 9 69 237 15 4 66 38 10 46 4

69 14 82 35 431 33 14 7 26 176 114 0 14 150 50 15 36 42 114 5 82 31 119 27 50 85 8 20 38 1 53 36 107 91 3 104 45 15 126 0 60 5 61 250 15 2 76 32 10 57 6

39 5 62 17 392 19 7 4 26 96 54 1 5 111 41 4 11 17 67 0 64 26 65 16 12 44 2 3 20 1 40 11 66 58 1 78 19 2 99 6 24 2 48 164 3 1 54 20 9 33 3

39 5 68 20 435 22 20 4 22 122 60 0 5 133 51 11 9 11 75 3 66 21 93 17 24 63 0 9 26 1 54 15 96 60 0 72 30 11 121 3 37 0 43 162 1 1 40 13 4 27 0

52 5 53 23 376 13 10 6 25 136 87 0 0 128 31 4 19 21 82 1 73 26 92 11 20 55 2 10 27 0 50 14 93 67 0 65 24 3 93 0 46 0 40 160 5 1 57 16 3 35 1

17 8 35 23 54 20 2 3 0 46 21 1 9 13 18 10 4 16 30 1 10 0 23 23 9 16 15 15 14 0 4 12 20 26 9 28 12 12 32 1 12 7 22 84 7 2 22 21 9 20 4

18 9 35 13 54 19 4 2 0 37 18 1 15 16 18 15 14 14 14 3 10 3 32 11 6 19 4 8 14 1 2 18 17 27 7 29 12 13 30 2 11 7 21 58 13 2 21 19 5 18 4

11 8 17 8 43 16 3 1 0 31 16 0 12 17 16 10 17 17 21 4 9 4 23 16 16 20 6 8 9 1 2 16 13 17 3 32 16 11 21 0 8 5 19 73 9 1 19 15 4 14 5

7 0 2 5 25 4 1 0 0 5 5 0 2 6 1 1 3 2 12 0 0 1 2 1 7 10 1 1 0 0 1 2 6 6 1 12 2 3 4 0 5 2 7 13 0 0 1 1 0 3 0

2 3 3 0 20 1 0 0 1 11 5 0 2 5 4 2 2 4 8 0 2 0 3 0 9 7 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 4 1 5 3 0 8 0 3 2 4 14 1 0 3 3 1 1 0

4 0 4 4 8 1 0 0 0 3 8 0 2 4 3 1 0 3 10 0 0 1 2 0 13 5 0 2 2 0 1 3 1 7 0 3 5 1 8 0 4 0 2 15 1 0 0 1 2 4 0

1 0 3 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 1 0 0

0 0 6 1 2 4 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 2 3 0 0 0

2 1 8 0 4 3 1 0 1 6 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 0

3,006

3,184

3,042

1,972

2,225

2,161

822

763

683

173

154

138

*Total firearm deaths and homicide firearm deaths exclude firearm deaths by legal (police or corrections) intervention. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, WISQARS, at . data accessed February 2008, April 2009, and June 2010. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Children and teens killed by gunfire in 2006 nearly equaled the total number of U.S. combat deaths in Iraq since the war started and were more than four times the number of American combat fatalities in Afghanistan.

It’s Time to Stop the Deaths U.S. Soldiers Killed in Action Revolutionary War, 1775–1783

4,435

War of 1812, 1812–1815

2,260

Mexican War, 1846–1848

1,733

Civil War (Union Forces), 1861–1865

140,414

Spanish-American War, 1898

385

World War I, 1917–1918

53,402

World War II, 1941–1945

291,557

Korean War, 1950–1953

33,741

Vietnam War, 1961–1973

47,424

Persian Gulf War, 1990–1991

147

Military fatalities by hostile action in Afghanistan (through May 1, 2010)

762

Military fatalities by hostile action in Iraq (through May 1, 2010)

3,475

Persons Killed in the Terrorist Attacks on 9/11

2,927

U.S. Firearm Deaths Firearm deaths in America since 1968 when Dr. King and Robert Kennedy were assassinated Child and teen firearm deaths since 1979 Children and teens killed by firearms in 2007

1,265,734 110,645 3,042

Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Statistical Information Analysis Division, “Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated: U.S. Military Personnel Serving and Casualties,” at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf, “Operation Enduring Freedom: Military Deaths, October 1, 2001 through May 1, 2010,” at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/ personnel/CASUALTY/oefdeaths.pdf, and “Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Deaths, March 19, 2003 through May 1, 2010,” at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/ personnel/ CASUALTY/oif-deaths-total.pdf; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, various years; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, WISQARS, at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.

For more information on the State of America’s Children, contact the Children’s Defense Fund 25 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 (202) 628-8787 • 1 (800) 233-1200 www.childrensdefense.org State of America’s Children® 2011

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25 E Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001

(202) 628-8787

1 (800) 233-1200

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